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E PITOME y 

PHRENOLOGY? 

AN OUTLINE OF THE SCIENCE' 
AS TAUGHT BY 

GALL SPURZHEIM AND COMBE: 

TO ACCOMPANY 

A C H A R T 

DELINEATED ACCORDING TO THIS SYSTEM, OR THE- 

r MARKED BUST 




V _ APPROVED RY DR SPURZHEII 



' ' " Ex fronte, ex capite, ex vulta, etiam in ipso oris sitentio, na~ 
tura loquitur." — Plato. 
" It is so — I know it — but look for yourselves, and do not be** 
lieve it because 1 say so." — Spurzheim, 



£*? 




/ BOSTONr 

MARSH, CAPEN & LYON. 

1835. 






I 



t>?? 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1835, 
By Marsh, Cape.v and Lyon. 
la the €*erk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts, 



X2f $ 



boston: 

f UTTLE, WEEKS AND DENNET'P, 

8, School Street. 



ADVERTISE M E N T, 



The object of this Epitome is to give a condensed 
outline of Phrenology as inculcated by Dr Spurz- 
heiiw, together with a brief description of the Skull 
and Brain. It is hoped that the chapters on the 
Temperaments, Combinations of Faculties, and 
Phrenological Expressions will add to the value of 
the work. 

In the preparation' of this work great care has been 
taken to avoid everything hypothetical, and at the 
same time to include concisely all the information 
that may be necessary for a student, without in- 
creasing the size of the volume so as to prevent its- 
being a " Pocket Companion." With reference ta 
this last object, it has been printed in a smaller form 
than would otherwise have been desirable. Those 
who wish to pursue the study further are referred 
to the large works ofGALL, Spukzhejm and Coivsbe, 
for Phrenology, and to those of Spurzheim, Pax- 
ton, Bell and Lizars, for Anatomy. 



ERRATA. 

The following errata escaped detection until too Tate for cor- 
rection in their proper places*, 

Page 14, line 17, instead of Stnll, read Stahl. 
■« 17, " 24, " Chnsse « Chaise. 

'« 29, " 3, " they « children. 

" 42, " 17, " cineritions * { cineritious. 

<; 42, " 19, " distmtrnired u distinguished, 

*< 58, " 1, << organ " organs. 



CONTENTS. 



CHAP. 1. 






Page. 


*TRO DUCT ION, 


13 


Derivation and definition of Phrenology, • 


13 


DrGall, . 


13 


Discovery of Phrenology, * * 


15 


Dr Spurzheim, * . % 


16 


Death of Gall, 


17 


Death of Spurzheim, 


18 


Imputations on Phrenology, . * 


18 


Objects and use of Phrenology, 


19 


Evidence of Phrenology, 


20 



CHAP. II. 

Principles, . * » 23 

Sect. 1.— Organ of the Mind, . . 24 

Sect. 2. — Plurality of the Faculties and their Organs, 25 

Primitive Faculty, . . 26 

Sect. 3. — Size, cceteris paribus, a measure of Power, 27 

Objection to Absolute Size as a criterion, 28 

Objection to Relative Size, . • 28 

CHAP. III. 

Temperaments, . . . .29 

The Nervous, ... 31 



CONTENTS, 





Page* 


The Bilious, 


31 


The Sanguine, 


32 


The Lymphatic, 


33 


CHAP. IV. 




Anatomy of the Skull and Brain, 


. 34 


Sect. 1.— Of the Skull, . 


34 


Sect. 2.— Of the Brain, 


40 


Membranes, 


43 


The Dura Mater, . 


44 


The Pia Mater, 


46 


The Arachnoid Membrane, 


46 


The Medulla Oblongata, 


46 


The Cerebellum, . 


46 


The Cerebrum, 


46 


Convolutions, . 


47 


Anfractuosities, 


47 


Diverging Fibres, 


43- 


Converging Fibres, . 


48- 



CHAP. V. 

Established Points, . * .50 

CHAP. VI. 

Natural Language, . , • 51 

CHAP. VII. 

Practical Directions, . 55 

Power and Activity, . 56 

Length and Thickness of Fibres, . 57 

Measurements, 58 

Grades of Developement, . . .59 



CONTENTS* 



XI 



CHAP. VIIL 

Page. 
Division of the Faculties, and Nomenclature, 60 



CHAP. IX, 




Regions, * ♦ 4 


63 


CHAP. X. 




Affective Faculties, * * 


69 


Sect. 1. — Propensities, * t 


69 


t. Vitativeness, 


69 


*. Alimentiveness, * 


69 


1. Destructiveness, * 


70 


2. Amativeness, 


73 


3. Philoprogenitiveness, 


74 


4. Adhesiveness, * 


77 


5. Inhabitiveness, * 


78 


6. Combativeness, 


81 


7. Secretiveness, « 


84 


8. Acquisitiveness, * 


87 


9. Constructiveness, * 


* 88 


Sect. 2.— Sentiments, * 


90 


10. Cautiousness, . * 


i 90 


11. Approbativeness, * 


92 


12. Self-Esteem, * 


92 


13. Benevolence, * 


93 


14. Reverence, . , 


95 


15. Firmness, * . . 


&9 


16. Conscientiousness, , 


100 


17. Hope, 


102 


18. Marvellousness, 


103 


19. Ideality, , 


104 


20. Mirthfulness, , 


. 107 


21. Imitation, . 


103 



All tUMTl&NTSt 

CHAP. XL 






Pag«. 


Intellectual Faculties, . 


108 


Sect. 1. — External Senses, 


109 


Voluntary Motion, 


110 


Feeling - , . 


110 


Taste, 


111 


Smell, » i 


111 


Hearing, . * 


. 112 


Sight, . 


112 


Sect. 2.— Perceptive faculties^ 


. 113 


22. Individuality, * * 


113 


23. Configuration, . * 


. 114 


24. Size, 


114 


25. Weight, 


. 114 


26. Coloring, . 


115 


27. Locality, » 


115 


28. Order, 


116 


29. Calculation, 


. 116 


30. Eventuality, 


117 


31. Time, 


. 117 


32. Tune, 


118 


33. Language, * 


. 119 


Beet. 3. — Reflective Faculties, * * 


119 


34. Comparison, 


. 119 


35. Causality, . . * 


120 


CHAP. XII. 




Combinations in Activity, 


. 121 



CHAP. XIII. 

Phrefolothcal Expressions. 



U5 



EPITOME OF PHRENOLOGY. 



CHAPTER I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The word Phrenology, derived from the 
Greek words &gw (mind), and Aiyos (dis- 
course or doctrine), is used to designate that 
system of mental philosophy which treats of 
the special manifestations of mind, and of 
the corporeal conditions under which they 
take place : by teaching, that the mind is a 
plurality of faculties, all of which have spe- 
cial organs through which they are manifest- 
ed ; which organs constitute the brain, and are 
more or less developed in size, as they possess 
a greater or less power, and, therefore, vary 
the size and proportions of the head, in an 
infinite manner. 

To Dr Francis Joseph Gall, a physician 
of Vienna, is wholly due the praise of dis- 
2 



14 INTRODUCTION. 

covering this system. He was born at Tie- 
fenbrun, a short distance from Pforzheim, in 
Swabia, on the 9th of March, 1757, and was 
the sixth child of his parents, who were of 
high respectability, as may be inferred from 
the fact that his father held the highest office 
among his townsmen, that of Mayor of the 
village. Gall's parents being full believers 
in the Roman Catholic religion, intended him 
for the Church ; this, however, did not suit 
his natural disposition, and he resolved to 
prepare himself for the practice of medicine. 
He pursued his preparatory studies at Baden, 
Brucksal, and Strasbourg. In 1781 he went 
to Vienna, and became a member of the 
school rendered so distinguished by the names 
of Van Swieten and Stoll. 

From the earliest dawn of life, Gall was a 
contemplative observer. The peculiarities 
of disposition and talent, which existed among 
his brothers, sisters, and playmates, did not 
escape his scrutinizing mind. That some 
were remarkable for their success in mathe- 
matics, or for their beauty of penmanship ; 
many for a talent of acquiring languages, 
while others excelled in music or poetry, were 



INTRODUCTION. 15 

facts soon discovered by the young philoso- 
pher, a proof of the adage, 

" E minimis maxima." 

While yet a school boy, Gall discovered the 
organ of Language, by perceiving that those 
gifted with a good verbal memory had very 
prominent eyes. This discovery led him to 
others ; and, in a few years of patient observa- 
tion, he was enabled to map out the cranium 
with organs. Although Gall spoke of organs 
on the skull, it would be injustice to believe, 
that he ever cherished an idea that the skull 
was the organ of the mind. No ; from the 
first he believed and taught that the brain 
constituted this assemblage of organs. Gall 
for some time followed the old systems of phi- 
losophy, but finding in them perplexities with- 
out end, and insurmountable difficulties, he 
abandoned every theory and preconceived 
opinion, and gave himself up entirely to the 
observation of nature. From this time his 
advances were more rapid, and, being physi- 
cian to a Lunatic Asylum in Vienna, he 
availed himself of the opportunity of making 
observations on the insane. Prisons and 
schools were his frequent resorts ,* and the 



16 INTRODUCTION. 

courts of Princes, colleges, and seats of jus- 
tice were open to him. Nothing deterred him 
from visiting and examining such individuals 
as were famous for any extraordinary talent 
or deficiency. Such he studied with regard 
to external developement. Thus he came to 
the conclusion, that particular mental powers 
are indicated by particular configurations of 
the head. 

It was at about this time that he began to 
study the brain more particularly. In 1796 
he commenced lecturing at Vienna, which he 
continued to do until the 9th of July, 1802, 
when an order was issued by the Austrian 
Government, that forbad him, inasmuch as 
his doctrines were dangerous to the govern- 
ment and religion of Austria. This edict, 
however, was not a death blow to his doc- 
trines ; it rather excited the curiosity of many, 
and like every other similar persecution, add* 
ed strength to the persecuted. 

In the year 1800, Dr John Gaspar 
Spurzhetm commenced his labors with Gall. 
This event gave great impulse to the study 
of the physiology and anatomy of the brain. 



INTRODUCTION. 17 

Dr Spurzheim was born at Longuich, a vil- 
lage near Treves, on the Moselle, on the 31st 
of December, 1776. He was educated at 
Treves, and, like Gall, was destined by his 
parents to become a clergyman. Neverthe- 
less, in 1799 he went to Vienna, and there 
studied medicine and became acquainted with 
Dr Gall. Until 1804 he took no part in the 
lectures; after which time his character of 
hearer ceased, and he became associated 
with Dr Gall. 

On the 6th of March, 1805, Gall and 
Spurzheim left Vienna to travel together, and 
pursue in common their researches into the 
anatomy and physiology of the whole nervous 
system. From this time until 1813, these 
two philosophers were constantly together, 
and their researches were conducted in com- 
mon. During the years 1805, 1806, and 
1807 they lectured in thirty-five places. In 
November, 1807, they arrived at Paris, in 
which city Gall afterwards remained until 
his death, which occurred August 23d, 1828. 
He lies buried in " Pere la Chasse," near 
Paris, where a monument is erected to his 
memory. 

2* 



18 INTRODUCTION. 

In June, 1813, Spurzheim visited Vienna, 
and in March, 1814, England ; after which 
time, he several times visited different parts 
of Great Britain. In 1832 he ventured to 
come to this country. His first visit was to 
Boston, where he delivered his last course of 
lectures. At Boston, on the 10th of Novem- 
ber, 1832, he fell a martyr to his zeal for 
propagating the truths of his doctrines. His 
remains are deposited at Mount Auburn, un- 
der a beautiful marble monument. 

It was often predicted that phrenology 
would die with its founders. This prediction 
has not taken place, but has verified the words 
of the Saviour as recorded by St John, viz : 
" Verily, verily, I say unto you, except a corn 
of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abid- 
eth alone : but if it die it bringeth forth much 
fruit "* Such was the effect produced by 
the death of Gall in Paris, and of Spurzheim 
in Boston. At both places societies were 
formed and kindled into existence by the last 
brightened flash of these expiring lights. 

Many opposers of phrenology are loud in 
crying out against its immoral and danger- 

* St John, xii. 24. 



INTRODUCTION. 19 

ous tendencies. For instance, they lay the 
charge of materialism to its doctrines, be- 
cause it maintains that a small portion of the 
brain is the instrument of a faculty. What, 
therefore, must be said of the antiphrenologists, 
who believe that all of the brain is necessary to 
the manifestation of each faculty of the mind 1 
This charge is founded alone in malice. Fa- 
tality, necessity, &c. are of the same class of 
objections, and equally false. Some who 
style themselves phrenologists may believe in 
these heterodox opinions, as well as other 
philosophers ; but the founders and the most 
distinguished living phrenologists are free 
from all such imputations. Phrenology is 
much oftener brought forward to disprove 
these, than maintain them, and full as often as 
any theory of metaphysics or dogma of the- 
ology. It must be evident that a work of 
this size and pretensions cannot give in detail 
all the arguments which are used to free 
phrenology from these imputations ; a candid 
investigation of the subject by each person, 
who takes the trouble to read these pages, 
is all that is asked. 

Many ask what the objects and use of this 



20 INTRODUCTION. 

system are. Far from foretelling the actions 
of men, and judging the laws which have 
been formed by our Creator, phrenology aims 
only at explaining these laws, and rendering 
them of more practical utility. This it does 
by teaching the instructer the true system of 
education, and the legislator the way to form 
laws in accordance with nature ; by dispos- 
ing the criminal justice to the exercise of 
mercy, and all to that of forbearance ; and last- 
ly by giving us a knowledge of mankind, that 
by so becoming acquainted with the motives 
to action of individuals, we may escape many 
of the hidden shoals and quicksands, which 
often wreck our best hopes before we are 
aware of their proximity. Does not a sys- 
tem of philosophy, which offers such promises 
for the improvement of society, demand a 
respectful attention ? 

The evidence on which phrenology rest3 
demands a few pages of this work. The 
proposition that each mental faculty is en- 
dowed by nature with an organ by which it is 
made manifest, and that this is a portion of 
the brain, relates to physical and not meta- 
physical science, and therefore can be proved 



INTRODUCTION. 21 

or disproved only by observation. This 
belongs to the reason, and must be done by 
comparing the observed phenomena, discov- 
ing their relations, and drawing from them 
just conclusions ; and not by determining 
beforehand whether the alleged appearances 
can or cannot exist compatibly with nature* 
Those, therefore, who attack the doctrines by 
mere verbal arguments, without facts made 
known by observation, only convert a subject 
simple in itself, to a complicated question* 
If the facts alleged by phrenologists really 
exist, all contradictory reasonings are defec- 
tive in premises or unsound in deduction ; but 
if they do not exist, then the whole fabric of 
the system must necessarily be crushed by its 
own weight, and "without the assistance of 
other objections. Dr Gall's delicacy often 
forbad his bringing forward important evi- 
dence in support of his system. If, however, 
individuals will take into their hands a mark- 
ed~bust of the head, and a Manual of Phren- 
ology, and will look at nature for their own 
satisfaction, by examining and comparing the 
heads of those whom they know to be differ- 
ently constructed, they will be able to ascer- 



22 INTRODUCTION. 

tain whether or not the system be founded in 
truth. For instance, in their own private 
circles, if two children are known to differ, the 
one being rash, precipitate and courageous, 
while the other is very timid ; let these two 
heads be scrutinized in relation to the organs of 
Cautiousness. In this instance the difference 
of heads will be so striking, that the most 
inexperienced observer cannot fail of recog- 
nising it. By a selection for observation, of 
individuals well known to themselves, the in- 
quirers will enjoy the means of estimating 
the real nature and extent of the talents and 
dispositions possessed, the actual appearance 
of the head, and the effects of health, educa- 
tion, temperaments, and a variety of circum- 
stances, which they might have erroneously 
imagined were not attended to in the investi- 
gation of Phrenologists. 

It is frequently stated that the believers 
and inculcators of these doctrines bring for- 
ward only such cases as support their doctrines, 
and omit all notice of adverse instances ; and 
that if they were candid, one set of facts 
would neutralize, contradict, or destroy an- 
other. These statements are wholly unfound- 



PRINCIPLES. 23 

ed, and the adverse facts are not brought 
forward by their opponents. These imputa- 
tions imply so much disingenuousness and 
moral depravity that, if not supported by facts, 
they only merit contempt- 



CHAPTER II. 

PRINCIPLES. 

Phrenology depends entirely upon the 
truth of three propositions, called principles : 

1st. The brain is the organ of the mind ; 

2d. The mind manifests a plurality of 
powers through as many organs ; 

3d. The size of an organ, cccteris paribus, 
is the measure of the power of its faculty. 

If these cannot be disproved by facts from 
nature, then must this be the true system of 
philosophy. The proofs of each principle 
are briefly mentioned in the succeeding sec- 
tions. 



24 PRINCIPLES. 



SECTION I. ORGAN OF THE MIND. 

The first principle of phrenology is, that 
the brain is the material organ through which 
the mind is manifested. This is evident from 
the following facts : 

1st. That there are no manifestations of 
the mental faculties, without the existence of 
a brain. 

2d. That natural manifestations are im- 
perfect in the same ratio that the brain is 
defective, which may be noticed in many 
individuals, who have been idiotic from birth. 

3d. That if the brain is very large and in 
a healthy state, the mental powers are very 
energetically manifested. 

4th. That as the brains of individuals in- 
crease or diminish, so also do the faculties of 
their minds in the same proportion. 

5th. That the manifestations of mind al- 
ways bear a relation to the perfection of the 
cerebral mass. In young children the brain 
is pulpy, and the mental powers are inferior, 
but as the former increases in perfection, the 
faculties appear ; in maturer years, they ar- 
rive at their greatest energy, and in old age, 



PRINCIPLES. 25 

when all the corporeal parts become feeble, 
the mind also participates in the general de- 
cay. 

6th. That some faculties are more active 
in men than in women ; some, more so in 
women than in men ; and others strong in 
men or women, and feeble in children. These 
differences of manifestation coincide with the 
organization. 

7th. That some faculties are transmitted 
from parents to children, and in such instan- 
ces there is a hereditary cerebral organi- 
zation. 

And lastly, that if any of the organs in 
the brain be injured, the manifestation of 
the respective faculties are deranged or de- 
stroyed. 

To this principle many objections have 
been made, none of which have the least de- 
gree of plausibility, and on that account are 
not mentioned here. 

SECTION II. PLURALITY OF THE FACULTIES 

AND THEIR ORGANS. 

It is the second principle of phrenology, 
that the mind manifests a plurality of powers, 
3 



26 PRINCIPLES. 

called primitive faculties , all of which have 
their proper instruments hy which they are 
manifested, called organs. 

That is a primitive faculty,* 

1st. Which exists in one kind of animals, 
and not in another; 

2d. Which varies in the two sexes of the 
same species; 

3d. Which is not. proportionate tothe other 
faculties of the same individual ; 

4th. Which does not manifest itself simul- 
taneously with the other faculties ; that is, 
which appears and disappears earlier or later 
in life than other faculties ; 

5th. Which may act or rest singly ; 

6th. Which is propagated in a distinct 
manner from parents to children ; and 

7th. Which may singly preserve its proper 
state of health and disease. 

The mind must be a plurality of such fac- 
ulties and the brain a congeries of organs, 
because, 

1st. All the mental powers are not equally 
developed at the same time ; 

f Spurzbehn and Combe 



PRINCIPLES. 27 

2d. Different faculties are stronger in some 
individuals than in others ; 

3d. In dreams some faculties are active 
while others are dormant, as may easily be 
demonstrated in the case of sleep walkers ; 

4th. In momomania and partial idiocy, 
while some faculties are disordered or want- 
ing, others are healthy and energetic ; 

5th. Injuries to portions of the brain, while 
they effect some faculties, do not derange the 
whole. 

Many philosophers who never believed the 
brain to be the organ of the mind, were nev- 
ertheless obliged to admit a plurality of fac- 
ulties. Haller, the distinguished physiologist, 
" felt a necessity of assigning a distinct func- 
tion to different parts of the brain." 

SECTION III. SIZE, OTHER THINGS BEING 

EQUAL, A MEASURE OF POWER. 

The third principle, that, when all other 
circumstances are the same, each faculty 
manifests a power corresponding to the size 
of its organ, is the one against which the 
shafts of the opponents of phrenology have 
been most generally directed. In all cases, 



91 PRINCIPLES. 

however, the condition, which requires all 
things to be equal, has been neglected or as- 
sailed by ridicule. Nevertheless, it is true, 
as every one may know by examining the 
subject with candor, either practically or ana- 
logically. 

Some have maintained, that absolute size is 
a measure of power. This cannot be, 

1st. Because the brains of some stupid 
animals exceed in size some of the most in- 
telligent ; the brains of asses and hogs are 
much larger than those of monkeys and dogs, 
yet no one will contend that the former have 
more powerful minds than the latter ; and 
those of elephants and whales surpass in 
magnitude those of men : 

2d. Because many men with active tem- 
peraments have more powerful minds, with 
small brains, than others, having large heads, 
with sluggish, and dull temperaments. 

Others contend that relative size is that 
measure ; or, in other words, that the larger 
the head, when compared with the whole 
body, the greater the power. If this be true, 
then many singing birds, and some species of 
monkeys must surpass men in mental power, 



TEMPERAMENTS. 29 

as must also children. The former cannot, 
because men possess parts in their cerebral 
organization that they do not; nor can the 
latter, because their brains are pulpy and less 
developed. 

It will be necessary to remember that 
health, temperament, and exercise exert an 
influence on each organ, by increasing or 
modifying its power of manifestation. 



CHAPTER III. 

TEMPERAMENTS. 

One of the most important considerations 
in forming an estimate of tjie mental powers 
by an examination of the form of the cerebral 
developements, is that of the temperaments. 
This is too often neglected by young phren- 
ologists ; and many, who oppose the doctrines 
of phrenology, do not give its supporters their 
due credit in making it essential to a correct 
predication of character. Its importance may 
be inferred from the fact that many men with 
3* 



30 TEMPERAMENTS. 

large heads, and consequently large brains, 
do not possess active minds, on account of 
their sluggish temperaments ; whereas some 
with small brains and active temperaments, 
have very active minds. 

The ancients, from the days of Hippocrates, 
admitted four temperaments, and explained 
them differently to make them coincide with 
their various theories of pathology. They 
associated with each some of the innate men- 
tal faculties ; for instance, love and courage 
with the sanguine ; want of firmness with the 
nervous, &,c. 

The moderns have, in popular language, re- 
tained the same epithets, and also inconsis- 
tencies, without being aware of their parent- 
age, although they do not refer them to the 
same causes. 

Although the importance of the tempera- 
ments is acknowledged by all physiologists, 
nevertheless they have been much neglected. 
no work that we possess gives a satisfactory 
explanation of them. Darwin, Cullen, Rich- 
erand, Brouissais, Thomas, and Caldwell 
have given them considerable consideration, 
and yet have left a wide field for future physi- 
ologists. 



TEMPERAMENTS. 31 

The temperaments may be defined as cer- 
tain physical differences in men, depending 
upon the various proportions and relations 
among the parts, that make up their organi- 
zation, and also upon the relative degree in 
the energy of several bodily organs. 

Almost all authors admit four ; the Ner- 
vous, the Bilious, the Sanguine, and the 
Lymphatic. 

1st. The Nervous temperament is some- 
times found pure, though oftener in combina- 
tion with the others, and most often with the 
Bilious. It is the extreme sensibility to all 
external bodily impressions, or more properly 
the excess of this sensibility, that forms this 
temperament. It may be subdivided into two 
kinds, the phrenic and irritable. It may be 
seen in those persons who are extremely 
emaciated and whose flesh is very scanty and 
soft. People possessing it are generally called 
"nervous," and may generally be distin- 
guished by their apparent uneasiness. It is 
very often acquired by an over excited brain, 
or even by the excitement of an organ ; " The 
mind banquets and the body pines.' 5 Shak- 
speare has described Cassius as the very beau 
ideal of this temperament, when he says, 



32 TEMPERAMENTS. 

" Yond' Cassius has a lean and hungry look ; 
He thinks too much. ***** 

But I fear him not. 
Yet if my name were liable to fear, 
I do not know the man I should avoid 
So soon as that spare Cassius." 

Some authors think that this temperament 
is the first stage of all nervous disorders ; and 
it has been said, that it only shows itself among 
those, who are the furthest removed from na- 
ture. As examples of this temperament are 
cited Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Frederick 
the Great. 

2d. The bilious, which disposes to the 
next greatest degree of activity, is known by 
the dark olive color of the skin, black hair 
and eyes, prominent veins, moderate fulness 
of flesh, marked muscles, and harshly ex- 
pressed forms. As examples of this tempera- 
ment may be adduced Alexander, Julius 
Csesar, Brutus, Charles XII., Peter the Great, 
Cromwell, and Napoleon. 

3d. The sanguine temperament gives 
the next degree of activity, and may be known 
by the ruddy complexion, animated counte- 
nance, good shape, distinct form, moderate 



TEMPERAMENTS. 33 

plumpness of flesh and fair chestnut colored 
hair. People having this temperament enjoy 
the best health, though their minds are not 
so active and susceptible as those possessing 
the Nervous or Bilious. 

4th. The lymphatic temperament dis- 
poses to very little mental and bodily exer- 
cise, and is not marked with much energy of 
character. It may be easily detected by the 
whiteness and softness of the skin, and great 
bulk and plumpness of the whole body. The 
hair is light, the cheeks rounded, and the 
face without expression. Languor and sloth- 
fulness of mind and body, are identified with 
this temperament. Michael Montaigne is 
quoted as one possessing this temperament. 

Such are the temperaments, as generally 
described, but it is very rare to meet with 
any individual, who can unhesitatingly be re- 
ferred to either, on account of the innumerable 
shades of combination. They are all suscep- 
tible of modifications by climate, education, 
&c. A man of the strongest sanguine tem- 
perament may be easily made to assume the 
nervous ; and one possessing either, may, by 
slothful indulgence, convert them into the 



34 ANATOMY OP TBI SKULL. 

lymphatic. He, however, possesses the best, 
who, with the greatest share of the nervous, 
has likewise a fair proportion of the bilious and 
sanguine to strengthen and sustain him. 



CHAPTER IV. 

ANATOMY OF THE SKULL AND BRAIN. 

To aid the student of phrenology, it has 
been thought advisable to give a brief de- 
scription of the skull and brain, and of the 
membranes which cover the brain and sepa- 
rate its hemispheres. 

SECTION 1. OF THE SKULL. 

The first impression which one receives on 
looking at the skull is, that it is a single ob- 
ject; but on closer examination he will per- 
ceive certain irregular lines, traversing it in 
various directions like seams, called sutures, 
which are the boundaries and dove-tailed 
union of several distinct bones. Pursuing his 
investigation farther, he will find several pro- 



ANATOMY OF THE SKULL. 35 

jections, which are pointed and slim, obtuse, 
or merely prominent; these are processes, 
to which muscles are attached. 




Anatomists, in their descriptions of the 
skull, generally divide it into the Cranium 
and Face, which are subdivided into many 
bones. The latter of these doej not contain 



30 ANATOMY OF THK SKULL. 

the brain, and on that account will not be 
noticed here. 

The cranium consists of eight bones : one 
Frontal (a, Fig. 2) ; two Parietal (b) ; two 
Temporal (c) ; one Occipital (d) ; one Sphe- 
noidal (c) ; and one Ethmoidal. 

EXPLANATION TO FIGURES II. AND III. 

Figure II. represents the side view, and Figure III. 
the top view of the skull. 

a, the Frontal bone ; 

b, one of the Parietal bones ; 

c, one of the Temporal bones ; 

d, the Occipital bone ; 

e, the Mastoid process of the temporal bone, which 
is often mistaken by tyros for the developement of 
an organ ; 

/, the Styloid process of the same ; 

g, a portion of the Sphenoidal bone ; 

h ) the orifice of the ear ; 

i, the Coronal suture ) 

k, the Sagittal suture ; 

Z, the Lambdoidal suture ; 

m, the Squamous suture ; 

n, the situation of the Frontal sinuses ; 

o o, the Temporal ridge, to which is attached the 
temporal muscle, which fills the cavity at the tem- 
ples ; and 

p p, Triquetral bones, which often occur isolated 
in the Lambdoidal suture. 



ANATOMY OF THE SKULL. 37 

These bones consist of two hard plates, 
called the internal and external tables of the 
skull ; and of a cellular substance interposed, 
called diploe. In cases of violence from 
without, the outer plate yields and by press- 
ing the cellular diploe within, often prevents 
serious injuries to the delicate texture of the 
inclosed organ. Some parts of these bones 
are destitute of this cellular substance, while 
others have it more abundantly. 

The cranium of an adult is of sufficiently 
uniform thickness, measuring about three 
sixteenths of an inch. In some cases, where 
particular faculties have become impaired, 
the skull bone situated over their organs, be- 
comes thickened ; this is very observable in 
cases of those who, though born with all 
their faculties, have become partially idiotic. 

The bones of the cranium undergo changes 
before they arrive to a state of perfection, 
and, even after that period, their shape is 
capable of being changed. They adapt 
themselves* to the brain and its enveloping 
membranes, as may be seen from the furrows 

* Cuvier, Monro and others state this fact. 
4 



38 ANATOMY OF THE SKULL. 

which have been left in their inner plates for 
the lodgement of arteries. In the course of a 
short period of years every particle of their 
substance is gradually absorbed and carried 
away, and other ossific matter is generated to 
supply the place of that removed. In the 
earliest stages of existence they consist of 
cartilage or gristle, and at a proper time, from 
points called centres of ossification, send out 
spiculae of bone, which in due time compose 
the matured bones of the cranium. These 
points, particularly in the frontal and parietal 
bones, exhibit themselves during life in the 
form of prominences. 

A minute description of each bone cannot 
be expected in a work of this size; neverthe- 
less it is important that the frontal sinuses, 
which occupy the anterior portion of the 
frontal bone should be described. These 
are situated immediately above the ridges of 
the eyebrows. Their size is very variable, 
and constantly chanorino' in the same individ- 
nil. In youth they are seldom perceptible; 
whereas, in adult age, their formation com- 
mences, and in old age they often measure an 
inch in depth. They communicate with the 



ANATOMY OF THE SKULL. 39 

nose, and often with each other, and are formed 
by a separation of the tables of the skull. The 
generally received opinion among Phrenolo- 
gists respecting their formation is this : the 
portion of brain behind the inner plate, be- 
coming less active, diminishes in size, and 
the inner plate, which is moulded upon it, fol- 
lows it, while the outer plate, by the hin- 
drance of the ethmoidal and maxillary bones, 
remains stationary. Behind or below them 
lie the organs of Individuality, Form, Size, 
Weight, Locality, and sometimes Language. 
As a general rule, we may infer, that a per- 
son having very large sinuses, will be sure to 
have a large developement of the brain be- 
hind them ; and one deficient in this respect 
will be certain to have the reverse develope- 
ment of brain. 

A good idea of the sutures can be gained 
by the preceding and following engravings. 
Their use is evident, being contrived by Infi- 
nite wisdom and benevolence ; for in case 
of accidents to the skull, they prevent the 
extension of a fracture from one bone to 
another. 



40 



ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. 



FIGURE III. — SUTURES. 




[For a description of this figure see page 3G] 
SECTION II. OF THE BRAIN. 

By the Brain is generally meant that ner- 
vous mass, which fills the cavity of the crani- 
um, and which receives and transmits to the 
understanding external impressions, governs 
muscular motion, and serves as a medium for 
the manifestation of the affective and intel* 
lectual faculties. 

Gall and Spurzheim taught that the first 



ANATOMY OP THE BRAIN* 41 

general principle of the nervous system is, 
"that it is not an unit, but consists of many 
essentially different parts, which have their 
own individual origins, and are mutual in 
communication ;" thereby denying, that the 
brain is the origin of the nerves, or the 
nerves of it. In proof of this, they showed 
that the cord sometimes exists without ever 
having been connected with the brain, and 
that the latter has existed without the former. 

The brain, is in general, regular and sym- 
metrical. It does not always bear the same 
proportion to the body, but differs at every 
age, and in both sexes ; for at birth its weight 
forms the sixth or seventh part of the body, 
while at adult age it is about the thirty-fifth 
part only. The same may be said of the 
parts of which it is composed ; for the cere- 
bellum, in infancy, is the seventeenth or eight- 
eenth part of the whole brain, and, in the 
adult, the eighth or ninth. In the adult, it 
usually weighs about three pounds, although 
it occasionally exceeds this weight by several 
ounces. 

Its substance is soft, pulpy, and in part 
fibrous, and its consistency varies according 



4fl ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. 

to the age ; at birth it being almost fluid, 
incapable of manifesting much energy, but 
growing firmer as age increases. It is tena- 
cious to the touch, inodorous, and destitute 
of sensibility. Sir Charles Bell, in noticing 
this last fact, remarks, that from this alone 
he should be led to think, that it has a higher 
function, and is more nearly allied to the 
intellectual operations, than other matter. It 
is furnished with arteries for its nourishment, 
and with veins to convey the unused princi- 
ples of the blood back to the heart, through 
the sinuses and jugular veins. 

The brain is composed of two substances, 
different in texture and generally in color, 
viz : the pulpy, called inaccurately cineri- 
tions,* and sometimes cortical, which serves 
as an envelope to its internal parts, and is 
distinguised in parts about its interior ; and 
the white, improperly called medullaryf sub-> 
stance, which constitutes its interior. Gall 
and Spurzheim did not affirm the use of the 

* Wrongly so called, because in children it is 
somewhat reddish, and is often found pale and 
almost colorless. 

t It is not medullary, but white and fibrous, 



ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. 43 

pulpy substance ; yet from its peculiar distri- 
bution and from analogy, it appeared to them 
to be the source or nourisher of the white 
fibres. The same anatomists demonstrated 
that the white substance is fibrous. They 
supposed that each nervous apparatus is com* 
posed of these two substances, and " that 
both are necessary to produce an instrument 
adequate to the performance of a particular 
function. " They demonstrated " that the 
cerebrum and cerebellum are themselves on- 
ly developements of bundles coming from the 
medulla oblongata, to which are annexed 
other masses of white fibres proceeding from 
the pulpy layer, which envelops the hemis- 
pheres." These substances in certain places 
are seen forming eminences, cavities, parti- 
tions, &/C which are always similar in 
healthy individuals. 

In the lower species of animated beings, 
we behold a very imperfectly organized brain, 
but as animals ascend towards man in the 
mental scale, so do their brains become more 
complicated in structure and organization. 

The brain is invested with three mem- 
branes ; the Dura mater, which belongs to \& 



41 ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. 

in common with the cranium, more properly 
to the latter, supplying the place of the peri- 
osteum to its internal surface) ; the Arach- 
noid membrane ; and the Pia mater. 

1st. The Dura mater, which incloses the 
brain, consists of a very dense membrane. 
It adheres everywhere to the surface of the 
cranium. Several membranous processes go 
off from the dura mater, which partly divide 
the cavity of the cranium and separate the 
parts of the brain from each other, viz : the 
falx, which divides the cerebrum into two 
hemispheres, and between the layers of which 
at the upper edge is situated the longitudinal 
sinuses ;* and the tentorium, which lies be- 
tween the cerebrum and cerebellum, and at 
the edges of which are the great lateral 
sinuses.* 

The subjoined engraving with its explana- 
tion gives an accurate idea of these parts. 

* The portions of the marked bust which are 
erossed correspond with these sinuses. 



ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. 



45 



FIGURE IV. — PROCESSES AND SINUSES OF THE DURA 
MATER, 
C 




Figure IV. represents a lateral view of the pro- 
cesses of the dura mater and sinuses. 

a. the falx ; 

b. the tentorium ; 

c. the superior longitudinal sinus ; 
d- the straight sinus ; 

e. one of the lateral sinuses ; 
/. one of the jugular veins : 

f. the inferior longitudinal sinus ; 
. the occipital sinus ; 
i. a vein ; and 
/p. the place of union of the sinuses. 



!<) ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. 

'2d. The Pia mater is a thin transparent 
web, containing the blood-vessels of the brain. 
It invests the whole brain, covering its con- 
volutions and lining its anfractuosities. 

3d. The Arachnoid membrane lies be- 
tween the other two, and is constantly mois- 
tened with a fluid which prevents injury aris- 
ing from friction. 

The brain consists of the Cerebrum, Cere- 
bellum and Medulla oblongata. 

The Medulla oblongata is situated at 
the lower part of the brain, within the cavity 
of the cranium, and immediately above the 
large hole of the occipital bone. Anatomists 
have described it as consisting of three pairs 
of bodies : the pyramidal eminences ; the oli- 
vary eminences ; and the restiform eminences. 

The Cerebellum is situated in the lower 
and posterior part of the cavity of the cra- 
nium, lying upon the lower portion of the 
occipital bone, and beneath the tentorium. 
It is divided into two lobes by a fold of the 
dura mater. 

The Cerebrum occupies the cavity of the 
cranium above the tentorium. Its superior 
surface is convex, corresponding in shape to 



ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. 47 

the bones of the cranium, which, according 
to Cuvier, Monro, and all other eminent 
anatomists, are formed upon it. In the 
median line of its upper surface, there is a 
deep fissure occupied by the falx, which 
divides it into two hemispheres. These hem- 
ispheres are each divided into three lobes. 
This division into lobes is arbitrary, there 
being no apparent natural separations. The 
surface of each lobe is formed of several 
eminences, having an undulating form, which 
are generally half an inch in breadth, called 
convolutions. Those of the anterior lobes 
are much smaller than those of the middle 
and posterior lobes, as are also the fibres of 
which they are composed. They are found 
bearing, very constantly, the same relations 
as to their direction and general form, al- 
though their size is not always the same; 
sometimes, however, as in cases of idiocy, 
some are wanting. They are separated from 
each other by deep depressions, called anfrac- 
tuosities. 

The convolutions consist internally of 
white fibres, whose extremities are covered 
with the grayish pulpy substance. Spurz- 



48 



4NAT0MY 01* THE UK A IN. 



heim, in his demonstrations, used to show 
that a part of these fibres proceeded in a di- 
verging manner from the medulla oblongata; 
those from the pyramids, after decussating,* 
passing to the front lobes ; and the others to 
the remaining lobes and cerebellum. These 
he called diverging Jibres, to distinguish them 
from others which run convergingly to the 
great commissure. It was his opinion that a 
hemisphere might appear entirely smooth (i. e. 
without convolutions,) and still contain the 
same elementary parts as one of ordinary 
appearance. In defence of this he showed 
that the convolutions could be unfolded, with- 
out destroying any of the nervous fibres, so 
as to present an uniform and even surface. 
These parts are shown by figure V. 

* This decussation takes place in the following man- 
ner : — the fibres coming from one side pass directly 
between those coming from the other, and take their 
places. By this means the fibres of the right hemis- 
phere of the brain are connected with the nerves of 
the left side of the body, and vice versa. Hence 
arises the curious and otherwise unaccountable phe- 
nomenon, that paralysis of the right or left side of 
the body is consequent to an injury on the reverse 
hemisphere of the brain. 



1 



ANATOMY OF- THE BRAIN. 



49 



FIGURE V. — BASE OF THE BRAIN. 




Fig-are V. shows the base of the brain : 
ft, the anterior lobes ; 
b, the middle lobes ; 
k 7 the posterior lobes ; 



50 ESTABLISHED TOINTS. 

d, the commissure of the cerebellum ; 
/, the cerebellum ; 

//, h, the pyramidal eminences of the medulla ob- 
longata ; 
i, i, the olivary eminences ; 
c, n, processes of the cerebrum ; 

e, g, processes of the cerebellum ', 

1, olfactory nerves ; 

2, 2, optic nerves ; 
8, auditory nerves ; 

The remaining figures indicate the other nine of 
those nerves generally called cerebral. 



CHAPTER V. 

ESTABLISHED POINTS. 

The following points have been established 
by incontestable proofs : 

1st. That the mind exhibits a plurality of 
faculties ; 

2d. That the brain is the material organ 
through which these faculties are manifested ; 

3d. That the brain is divided into two 
hemispheres, each of which has many con- 
volutions : 



NATURAL LANGUAGE. 51 

4th. That these convolutions are the ex- 
tremities of the organs of distinct faculties ; 

5th. That these organs extend from the 
top of the spinal marrow to the surface of the 
brain and cerebellum ; 

6th. That each organ is double, one part 
being in one hemisphere and another in the 
other ; 

7th. That the phenomena produced by 
each organ are single. 

6th. That each faculty manifests a power 
corresponding with the size of its organ, ce- 
teris paribus ; 

9th. That the same organ has different 
modes of activity ; and 

10th. That health, temperament and exer- 
cise exert an influence on the power of each 
organ. 



CHAPTER VI. 

NATURAL LANGUAGE OF THE FACULTIES. 

Each of the primitive mental powers has 
a peculiar manner of expressing itself when 



5(1 NATURAL LANGUAGE 

active, which is called its natural language. 
It was from a knowledge of this effect of the 
faculties that led Lavater and his predecessors 
Adamantius, Aristotle, Porta, Fludd and 
others, to form their theories and compose 
their treatises on Physiognomy. The know- 
ledge of the natural language, which is the 
foundation of pantomime, and which gives 
expression to the productions of the painter 
and sculptor, is all that renders Physiognomy 
worthy of being noticed. Lavater and his 
followers stated, that there exists an apparent 
correspondence or analogy between the coun- 
tenance and the mind ; the features and line- 
aments of the one being directed by the 
emotions of the other ; and that there is a 
peculiar disposition of the countenance, to 
each particular faculty of the mind. Thus 
far they were right ; but when they proceeded 
so far as to refer different dispositions to the 
natural form, size and color of the sev- 
eral features, they led themselves into error, 
and made their art empirical. No faculty 
is always sufficiently active to show its char- 
acteristic expression at all times ; nor is this 
expression entirely dependent upon the fea- 



OF THE FACULTIES. 53 

tures of the face. The whole body is brought 
into action for this purpose, as may be re- 
membered in the case of Roscius. Who 
has not noticed the soft voice and pleasing 
smile of those who desire to be praised, the 
harsh voice of the bravado, the toss of the 
haughty girl's head, the sober look of the 
devotee, and the peculiar look of the cun- 
ning man's eye? These are the languages 
of some faculties.* Dr Spurzheim was of 
opinion that the natural external expres- 
sion of every faculty is as determinate as 
the special faculty itself; and thought that 
the natural language of the faculties would 
point out the location of the organs of those 
faculties. It was an idea of his that the 

* Solomon said, "A haughty person, a wicked 
man walketh with a froward mouth. He winketh 
with his eyes, he speaketh with his feet, he teacheth 
with his fingers." It is said in Ecclesiasticus " that 
the heart of a man changes his countenance, wheth- 
er it be for good or evil ; and a merry heart mrkes a 
cheerful countenance." " The envious man has a 
wicked eye, he turns away his face and despises 
men." " A man may be known by his look, and 
one that has understanding by his countenance, 
when thou meetest him," &c. 



54 



NATURAL LANGUAGE. 



motions are always in the direction of the 
part of the head, which is the situation of the 
organs of the faculties by which they are 
produced. He always expressed a wish that 
the principle might be tested farther than he 
had done ; and although he believed that it 
was true, he did not state it as an undisputed 
or a settled point. 

There are some principles respecting the 
natural language which may be considered 
general. 

1st. As soon as any faculty of the mind is 
active, all the bodily parts which contribute 
to the performance of the respective function 
enter into action ; 

2d. If any internal faculty be active, and 
somewhat energetic, though no function is 
produced, yet the external expressions take 
place conformably ; 

3d. The external expressions are stronger 
or weaker according to the activity of the 
faculties; and they are modified indifferent 
nations, individuals, temperaments and ages; 
but the essential is everywhere the same ; 

4th. The motions and attitude of the body 
are modified according to the seats of the 
organs. 



PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 



The natural language of the faculties will 
be mentioned in the description of the men- 
tal powers. 



CHAPTER VII. 

PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 

Before inferring a person's character from 
his cerebral developement, strict attention 
must be given to the following points ; viz. 

1st. The physical state of the individual, 
(i. e.) his idiosyncracies, and combination of 
temperaments ; 

2d. The moral education and advantages 
he has had ; 

3d. The whole size of the brain generally ; 

4th. The head as divided into Anterior and 
Posterior regions ; 

5th. The head as divided into the Supe- 
rior and Inferior or Basilar regions; 

6th. The head as divided into the Frontal, 
Occipital, Sincipital and two Lateral regions ; 

7th. The developement of the individual 
organs ; and, 



56 PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 

8th. The combinations of these organs. 

In doing this, we must be cautious and 
deliberate, not advancing one step before we 
are perfectly satisfied respecting the preced- 
ing. Much depends upon proper allowance 
being made for the first two considerations. 
By the third, as size, caeteris paribus, is a 
measure of power, we see whether the brain 
of the individual will admit of manifestations 
of ordinary vigor ; for if it be too small, idiocy 
is the consequence. By the 4th, 5th, and 
6th, we see what are the predominant fea- 
tures of the faculties ; by the 7th, the power 
of the individual faculties ; and, by the 8th> 
the general tendencies; and by a proper con- 
sideration of all, the general character of the 
individual. 

It is very necessary that we should distin- 
guish between power and activity. Power is 
dependent on size and gives energy, but not 
activity ; this latter depends upon tempera- 
ment. That such a distinction exists in 
physics is demonstrable. For instance, the 
balance wheel of a watch moves with great 
rapidity, nevertheless its power is so small 



PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 57 

that it can be stopped by a hair ; whereas the 
piston of a steam engine moves very slow, yet 
with prodigious power. The same distinction 
is observable in muscular action. The nimr 
ble grayhound moves with the greatest agility 
but with so little force, that the slightest 
obstacle arrests his progress ; while the 
clumsy elephant moves slowly along, with a 
power that fifty grayhounds cannot impede. 
By a little attention in our observations, we 
behold the same principle in mental man- 
ifestations. Michael Montaigne possessed a 
powerful and inactive mind ; Mrs Siddons, 
Mr J. Kemble, and Miss Fanny Kemble 
had the reverse. When in any organ great 
power and great activity combine the faculty 
is the most powerfully manifested. 

Care must also be taken not to mistake 
several long processes for organs ; such as 
the mastoid process behind the ears, the 
cheek bones, and the protuberance at the 
back of the head. The situation of the 
longitudinal and lateral sinuses must not be 
disregarded. 

It must be remembered also, that size may 
consist in length or breadth, or in both. Dr 



58 PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 

Spurzheim said that the length of the organ 
disposes to frequent action, whilst their 
thickness gives more intensity, " Phrenolo- 
gists," said he, " attend too little to the latter 
dimension and too much to the elongation of 
the organ." The length of an organ implies 
length of the fibres which compose it, and is 
ascertained by taking the distance from the 
middle of a line passing through the orifices 
of the ears to its exterior. For this purpose 
an instrument, called craniometer, is used. 
Often, however, the measurements are taken 
from the external orifice of the ear by calli- 
pers. The following is a table of the meas- 
urements generally taken : 
From ear to ear. 

" destructiveness to destructiveness. 

£i cautiousness to cautiousness. 

ci constructiveness to constructiveness, 

" ideality to ideality. 

" ear to individuality, 

" ear to occipital protuberance. 

u ear to benevolence. 

" ear to veneration. 

" ear to firmness. 

" inhabitiveness to comparison. 

" mastoid process to mastoid process 



PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS. 



59 



Dr Spurzheim recommended beginners 
to study the separate organs with reference 
to four grades of developement, viz. predom- 
inant, large, moderate and small. The Edin- 
burgh phrenologists use a more minute scale 
of gradations, viz. 



1. 


11. 


2. idiocy. 


12. rather full. 


3. 


13. 


4. very small. 


14. full. 


5. 


15. 


6. small. 


16. rather large 


7. 


17. 


8. rather small. 


18. large. 


9. 


19. 


10. moderate. 


20. very large. 



This last scale may be used by those capa- 
ble of distinguishing very small differences 
in size, but for general use it is unnecessarily 
minute. 



60 



CHAPTER VIII. 

DIVISION OF THE FACULTIES, AND NOMEN- 
CLATURE. 

Each species of feeling and thinking is 
called by phrenologists a faculty ; and the 
natural apparatus through which any faculty 
is manifested, is called its organ. As the 
philosophers of the old school have never 
agreed with each other in the division, num- 
ber and names of the mental faculties, so 
have the phrenologists never been able to 
agree with them. The first grand division of 
many philosophers, was into instinct in ani- 
mals, and understanding and will in men ; 
they subdivided the understanding into atten- 
tion, memory, judgment and imagination, and 
the will into inclination, desire, propensity and 
passion. Gall and Spurzheim did not acqui- 
esce in this division ; they taught, that the 
instinct of animals and the propensities in 
men are the same ; and that attention, mem- 
ory, judgment, imagination, inclination, desire 
and passion of the old writers, are not funda- 
mental powers but different modes of activity 
of all, or some of the mental faculties. 



DIVISION OF THE FACULTIES. 61 

Spurzheim, seeing the incorrectness of the 
old division, divided the mental powers into 
two orders ; 1st, the feelings or affective fac- 
ulties, and 2d, the intellectual faculties ; he 
then subdivided both orders into several gen- 
era, and each genus into its several species. 

As no faculty should be named from its 
action, — since actions are the result of a 
combination of faculties, and often proceed 
from abuse, — he endeavored to correct the 
erroneous nomenclature of his predecessor, 
Dr Gall, and gave names, — some of which 
he was obliged to invent, — to each power 
independently of any action or application. 
The classification has been adopted by all 
writers on Phrenology, though some have 
differed from Spurzheim in the names of 
some of the organs. Some arrange the or- 
gans as he did in 1825, among these is Deville, 
publisher of the London bust, and Combe, 
author of the Edinburgh cast. The ar- 
rangement which Spurzheim used in the 
latter part of his lecturing, and which he has 
embodied into the last edition of his work 
is used here, because it shows evidence of 
having been formed philosophically and nat- 
urally. 6 



62 DIVISION OF THE FACULTIES. 

According to Spurzheim the faculties are ; 

ORDER I.— FEELINGS OR AFFECTIVE FAC- 
ULTIES. 

GENUS I. PROPENSITIES. 

t Vitativeness. 5 Inhabitiveness. 

* Alimentiveness. 6 Combativeness. 

1 Destructiveness. 7 Sepretiveness. 

2 Amativeness. 8 Acquisitiveness. 

3 Philoprogenitiveness. 9 Constructiveness. 

4 Adhesiveness. 

GENUS II. — SENTIMENTS. 

1. Inferior sentiments common to man and the 
lower animals. 

10 Cautiousness. 12 Self Esteem. 

11 Approbativeness. 

2. Superior sentiment common to man and the 
lower animals. 

13 Benevolence. 

3. Superior sentiments proper to man. 

14 Reverence. 18 Marvellousness. 

15 Firmness. 19 Ideality. 

16 Conscientiousness. 20 Mirthfulness. 

17 Hope. 21 Imitation. 

ORDER II.— INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 

GENUS I. — EXTERNAL SENSES. 

Voluntary motion. Smell. 

Feeling. Hearing. 

Taste. Sight. 



&EGI0NS. 63 

GENUS II. — PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

1 . Intellectual faculties, which perceive the existence 
of external objects and their physical qualities, 

22 Individuality. 25 Weight and resistance. 

23 Configuration. 26 Coloring. 

24 Size. 

2. Intellectual faculties, which perceive the relations 
of external objects. 

27 Locality. 31 Time. 

28 Order. 32 Tune. 

29 Calculation. 33 Artificial language. 

30 Eventuality. 

GENUS III. REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 

34 Comparison. 35 Causality. 



CHAPTER IX. 

REGIONS. 

The organs of the mental faculties are so 
situated in different portions of the brain, those 
of the intellectual faculties in one part, those 
of the sentiments in another, and those of the 
propensities in a third, that, by dividing the 
head or skull into parts by imaginary lines, we 



64 REGIONS. 

are able to see by a glance of the eye, which 
of these predominate. 

Several modes are given, for doing this. 
Three only will be here described, which 
on account of their individual importance, 
should not be neglected. 

1st. The whole head should be divided 
into two portions, by drawing a line from the 
orifice of the ear to that point on the skull 
which is pliable in the heads of infants. The 
portion before this line is called the anterior, 
and that behind it, the posterior region of the 
head. 

2d. The next mode is by dividing the 
whole head into two other regions, by a line 
running from the frontal protuberances (at 
the upper line of the forehead) to the superior 
angle of the occipital bone. From their 
situation, these are called the superior, and 
inferior or basilar regions. The head should 
be examined by these, before we resort to 
the third method, which is this : 

3d. Let a line be drawn from the anterior 
edge of the organ of Constructiveness at the 
temple upwards to the temporal ridge, thence 
to pass to the middle line of the forehead, 
leaving the frontal protuberance anterior to it. 



REGIONS. 65 

This line will consequently terminate between 
the organs of Benevolence and Comparison, 
leaving before it the frontal lobes of the brain, 
in which are situated the organs of the Re- 
flective and Perceptive faculties. This por- 
tion is called the Frontal or intellectual 
region. — Second, let another line be drawn 
from the mastoid process of the temporal 
bone (the hard prominence behind the ear) 
to pass directly through the parietal protu- 
berance (organ of Cautiousness,) to the sa- 
gittal suture or median line of the head. This 
line will certainly terminate between the or- 
gans of Self-esteem and Firmness, and leave 
behind it the posterior lobes of the brain, and 
the cerebellum, in which are placed the infe- 
rior sentiments and most of the propensities. 
This is the Occipital region ; — Lastly, let a 
third line be drawn from the point where the 
first described line intersected the temporal 
ridge, to pass along this ridge* until it ter- 

* The prominences, ridge and suture referred to, 
can be distinctly felt on the living head, and be seen 
on almost every skull. If the temporal muscle be 
made to contract several times forcibly, much assis- 
tance will be given in finding the ridge, when it is 
otherwise obscure. 
6* 



66 REGIONS. 

minates in the second described line imme- 
diately above the parietal protuberance. This 
line, when drawn on both sides, divides the 
remaining portion of the head into three 
regions, the Sincipital above, containing the 
organs of the Superior sentiments ; and the 
two Lateral below, containing the middle 
lobes of the brain, which are devoted to the 
use of the remaining propensities. 

The sincipital is often called the moral, and 
the occipital and two lateral united, the animal 
regions. 

Of these regions the occipital is unfortu- 
nately the most largely developed ; and on this 
circumstance greatly depends the general and 
excessive energy of man's animal nature. 
The greater developement of the lateral over 
the sincipital region conduces likewise to the 
same result; in the majority of individuals 
the head will be found more broad than high. 
The superior portion of the occipital region 
is deserving of particular attention on account 
of its influence over the other regions, by 
stimulating them and influencing them to 
maintain their energy. In combination with 
large frontal and sincipital regions, it strength- 



REGIONS. ' 67 

ens the intellectual and moral capacities ; 
but when united to a greatly developed 
basilar region, it increases the vigor of the 
animal propensities. 

The intellectual region, lying in the fore- 
head, is often the cause of errors in judg- 
ment ; for a forehead containing a large de- 
velopement of the reflective faculties and a 
larger of the perceptive, is often, on account 
of its retreating aspect, considered shallow. 

Another error, which too often arises 
through ignorance is this : — a head, having a 
high sincipital region, a broad lateral, with a 
small frontal, is thought, on front view, (on 
account of its height and breadth,) to have 
a large developement of the frontal or intel- 
lectual region, whereas it has one very de- 
fective. Instances of this description are of 
so frequent occurrence, that great care must 
be taken not to fall into mistakes. The error 
can be easily rectified by regarding the head 
profilewise, and measuring the distance from 
the ear forward, thereby taking account of 
the length as well as breadth of the brain. 



68 



REGIONS. 



FIGURE VI.- 




In this engraving, 

A. represents the Frontal region ; 

B. the Sincipital; 

C ? the Occipital ; and 
D, the Lateral. 



69 



CHAPTER X. 

ORDER I. AFFECTIVE FACULTIES, OR FEEL- 
INGS. 

These have their origin from within, and 
are taught only by sympathy. They are 
blind in themselves, and are partly common 
to man and the lower animals, and partly 
proper to man. 

SECTION I. GENUS I. PROPENSITIES. 

This genus consists of several species, all of 
which exist in man and in other animals, and 
do not form ideas. 

f.— VITATIVENESS. 

Speaking of this propensity, Dr Spurzheim 
remarks ; — " It is highly probable that there 
is a peculiar instinct to live, and I look for 
its organ at the basis of the brain, where the 
middle and posterior lobes of the brain meet 
each other at the internal border of Combat- 
iveness." 

*. ALIMENTIVENESS. 

It has been much disputed, whether the 



70 AFFECTIVE FACULTIES, 

stomach or part of the brain be the organ of 
this propensity. Phrenologists believe that 
the desire or instinct is manifested by the 
brain, but that hunger has its seat in the 
stomach. Many people will eat long after 
the cravings of the stomach have been satis- 
fied, and others will only eat enough to satisfy 
this craving. The old proverb which says, 
" many live to eat, but few eat to live," shows 
that the idea is not new. This faculty exists 
in all animals, whether carnivorous or her- 
bivorous. 

Its use is to preserve the individual. Its 
abuse leads to intemperance in eating and 
drinking. When its organ is inactive, want 
of appetite ensues. 

The organ is situated at the anterior part 
of the temples behind Constructiveness, and 
before Destructiveness. 

I. DESTRUCTIVENESS. 

This organ is situated immediately above 
the opening of the ear, so that its develope- 
ment corresponds with the squamous portion 
of the temporal bone. It was discovered by 
Dr Gall, after an attentive examination of the 



OR FEELINGS. 71 

skulls of carnivorous and herbivorous ani- 
mals, and of murderers. 

This faculty, like all others, is good in 
itself, when properly employed, but when 
abused has very bad tendencies. 

" Passions, like elements, though born to fight, 
Yet mix'd and soften'd, in his work unite ; 
These 'tis enough to temper and employ ; 
But what composes man, can man destroy." 

Pope. 

It produces an impulse and desire to 
destroy in general. Its most appropriate 
use is for self-defence, by destroying things 
and animals, that are noxious, or whose 
death is necessary for the maintenance of 
life. Its abuse prompts to murder, rage, 
cruelty, malevolence, ferocity, and general 
destruction and devastation, whether of ani- 
mate or inanimate things. The inactivity 
of its organ disposes to an unwillingness to 
destroy, and an incapacity of seeing animals 
killed, and to a want of energy of character. 
Its natural language is expressed by a harsh 
and ill-natured tone of the voice. It is very 
essential to satire, as may be seen in the fol- 
lowing quotation : 



rZ AFFECTIVE FACULTIES, 

" But first as he flew, I forgot to say 
That lie hover'd a moment upon his way 

To look upon Leipsic plain ; 
And so sweet to his eye was its sulphury glare, 
And so soft to his ear was the cry of despair, 

That he perched on a mountain of slain ; 
And he gazed with delight from its growing height, 
Nor often on earth had he seen such a sight, 

Nor his work done half so well : 
For the field was so red with the blood of the dead, 

That it blushed like the waves of hell ! 
Then loudly, and wildly, and long laughed he : 
1 Methinks they have here little need of me.' " 

Byron. 

It is often recognised in the writings of 
the best descriptive poets, as for instance, in 
the description of Bruce avenging on Cormac 
Doil the death of Allan. 

" Not so awoke the king ! his hand 
Snatched from the flame a knotted brand, 
The nearest weapon of his wrath, 
With this he crossed the murderer's path, 

And venged young Allan well ! 
The spattered brain and bubbling blood 
Hissed on the half extinguished wood ; 

The miscreant gasped and fell." — Scott. 

The organ is very conspicuous in the 
heads of cool and deliberate murderers, and 



OR FEELINGS. 73 

in those who delight in cruelty, and are noto- 
rious for vehement swearing. Its existence 
and location is proved beyond doubt. 

The organ is large in the casts* of Caribs 
and small in those of Hindoos. 

II. AMATIVENESS. 

The propensity to physical love is mani- 
fested by means of the cerebellum, which 
lies beneath the ridge passing from the mas- 
toid process to the occipital protuberance at 
the back part of the head. When the organ 
is large, the neck appears very full. The 
abuse of this faculty leads to crime and dis- 
sipation in its most loathsome form, immod- 
esty and indecency in words and actions. 
Its natural language is expressed by a pecu- 
liar look of the eye called ogling. Coleman 
says • 

" Love has a swifter messenger than speech, 
To tell Love's meaning. His expressions post 
Upon the orbs of vision, ere the tongue 
Can shape them into words." 

* Casts mentioned in this w T ork can be had upon 
application to any of the dealers in phrenological 
works, or the artists. 

7 



74 AFFECTIVE FACULTIES, 

Byron expresses the same in one line : 

" Soft eyes looked love to eyes which spoke again. 

The organ is large in Mary Macinnes, 
and small in Dr Hett of Vienna. 

III. PH1LOPROGENITIVENESS. 

This feeling shows itself in the love which 
mothers have for their youngest children. It 
is beautifully illustrated by Byron. 

• ' Where were then the joys, 

The mother's joys of watching, nourishing, 

And loving him ? Soft he wakes. Sweet Enoch ! 

Oh Cain ! look on him; see how full of life, 

Of strength, of bloom, of beauty, and of joy. 

Look ! how he laughs and stretches out his arms, 
And opens wide his blue eyes upon thine, 
To hail his father ; while his little form 
Flutters as wing'd with joy. Talk not of pain ! 
The childless cherubs well might envy thee 
The pleasures of a parent ! Bless him, Cain ! 
As yet he has no words to answer thee, but 
His heart will, and thine own too." 

Females generally possess it in a greater 
degree than men. That men are not desti- 



OR FEELINGS. 75 

tute of it may be inferred from Byron's apos- 
trophe to his daughter. 

" To aid thy mind's developement, — to watch 
Thy dawn of little joys, — to sit and see 
Almost thy very growth, — to view thee catch 
Knowledge of objects, — wonders yet to thee ! 
To hold thee lightly on a gentle knee, 
And print on thy soft cheek a parent s kiss, — 
This, it should seem, was not reserved for me ; 
Yet this was in my nature : as it is, 
I known not what is there, yet something like to this." 

The girl expresses it by the caresses she 
bestows upon her doll. It is manifested by 
cold blooded murderers and ferocious animals, 
and is not therefore, the same as Benevolence. 
Men often possess it in such a feeble state 
of energy, that the greatest punishment with 
which they could be inflicted would be to 
have to take charge of children. It was 
largely possessed by Byron and Scott, and is 
very perceptible in their poetry. The follow- 
ing beautiful passage is inspired with it in 
combination with Adhesiveness and Reve- 
rence. 

" Some feelings are to mortals given, 
With less of earth in them than heaven : 



7(> AFFECTIVE FACULTIES, 

And if there be a human tear 

From passion's dross refined and clear, 

A tear so limpid and so meek, 

It would not stain an angel's cheek, 

'Tis that which pious fathers shed 

Upon a duteous daughter's head ! 

And as the Douglass to his breast, 

His darling Ellen closely pressed, 

Such holy drops her tresses steeped, 

Though 'twas a hero's eye that weeped." — Scott. 

Its use is to promote feelings to love and 
cherish offspring; and to show a peculiar 
attention to the old, infirm and helpless. 
When excessive, it spoils children by indul- 
gence, and causes their loss to be felt too 
much. If feebly possessed it leads to the 
neglect of children, and makes the care of 
them a burthen. The natural language of 
this faculty is shown by an expression of 
pleasure and tenderness, whenever its objects 
are present or incidentally mentioned. 

The organ is situated in the posterior lobes 
of the brain ; and its developement occupies 
all of the occipital bone above the transverse 
ridge and occipital protuberance. It is very 
large in Hindoos, and very small in Peruvi- 
ans. 



OR FEELINGS. 



IV. ADHESIVENESS. 



Friendship, society and marriage are the 
result of this feeling. It is strong in females 
and often in the most abandoned criminals. 
Generally speaking, recluses possess but a 
very little of this charming species of affec- 
tion. To those who possess it strong, the 
very thought of being alone gives pain ; 

" Adah. Alone I could not 
Nor would be happy : but with these around us, 
I think I could be so despite of death, 
Which, as I know it not, I dread not, though 
It seems an awful shadow — if [ may 
Judge from what I have heard. 

Lucifer. And thou couldst not 
Alone, thou say'st, be happy ? 

Adah. Alone! oh, my God ! 
Who could be happy and alone, or good f 
To me my solitude seems sin ; unless 
When I think how soon I shall see my brother, 
His brother, and our children, and our parents. 

Lucifer, Yet my God is alone ; and is he happy, 
Lovely and good ? 

Adah. He is not so ; he hath 
The angels and the mortals to make happy, 
And thus becomes so in diffusing joy : 
What else can joy be but the spreading joy ?" 

Byron 
7* 



78 



AFFECTIVE FACULTIES, 



George Combe in his valuable work, quotes 
the following stanza from Moore, to show 
what style of verse it inspires : 

u The heart, like a tendril accustomed to cling, 
Let it grow where it will, cannot flourish alone j 
But will lean to the nearest and loveliest thing, 
It can twine with itself, and make closely its own." 

Its use inclines to friendship, society, mar- 
riage, and the formation of social and friendly 
societies. Its abuses are shown in the for- 
mation of clubs or gangs for improper pur- 
poses ; and in attachment to worthless and 
vicious people. When its organ is inactive, 
little regard is had for the society or attach- 
ment of others. The natural language is 
expressed by the warm and familiar shake of 
the hand, and by the pleasant appearance 
of the countenance. 

The organ is situated between Cautious- 
ness and Philoprogenitiveness. Large in 
Gen. Wurmser, small in Madelaine Albert, 
and Brazil Indians. 

V. INHABITIVENESS. 

According to Dr Spurzheim, this faculty 
determines animals in the selection of their 



OR PEELINGS. 79 

places of abode. Some are always found on 
the top of mountains, while others haunt the 
plains and low countries. There are several 
Indian tribes that have never been known to 
wander , about ; and there are others that 
never adhere long to the same place. Many 
people cannot be separated from the land of 
their birth even after all their friends and 
other associations are removed ; and yet 
others, without any pain, can emigrate to far 
distant countries without the slightest prospect 
of ever again beholding their native land. 
These considerations prompted Spurzheim 
to give the faculty the name of Inhabitive- 
ness ; they likewise prove that it is a special 
faculty, and innate. 

Were it not for this faculty, the song of 
" Home, sweet home" would not have the 
influence it now exerts. It was one of Sir 
Walter Scott's strongest faculties and inspired 
these stanzas in his " Lay of the Last Min- 
strel " : 

" Breathes there the man, with soul so dead, 
Who never to himelf hath said, 
This is my own, my native land ! 



80 AFI ECTIYE FACULTIES 

Whoso heart hath ne'er within him burn'd, 
As home his footsteps he hath turned, 
From wandering on a foreign strand ! 
it \f- # I ! * 
O Caledonia ! stern and wild, 
Meet nurse for a poetic child ! 
Land of brown heath and shaggy wood, 
Land of the mountain and the flood, 
Land of my sires ! what mortal hand 
Can e'er untie the filial band 
That knits me to thy rugged strand ! 
Still, as I view each well-known scene, 
Think what is now, and what hath been, 
Seems as, to me, of all bereft, 
Sole friends, thy woods and streams were left ; 
And thus I love them better still, 
Even in extremity of ill. 
By Yarrow's streams still let me stray, 
Though none should guide my feeble way ; 
Still feel the breeze down Ettrick break, 
Although it chill my withered cheek ; 
Still lay my head by Teviot stone, 
Though there, forgotten and alone, 
The Bard may draw his parting groan." 

Mr George Combe, of Edinburgh, has 
extended the limits given by Spurzheim to 
this propensity ; and, calling it Concentra- 
tiveness, says, " that its function is to main- 
tain two or more powers in simultaneous and 
combined activity, so that they may be direct- 



OR FEELINGS. 81 

ed towards one object." Mr J. Deville of 
London, has, in his extensive collection of 
phrenological specimens, several casts, which 
contradict the opinion of Combe and favor 
that of Spurzheim. 

When used properly it gives a desire of 
keeping in any particular place, such as the 
place of birth, education, and where youth has 
been spent. The abuse produces too great 
love of home, and consequently pain and 
unwillingness to leave it ; and also nostalgia 
or home-sickness. Its deficiency has a con- 
trary effect. 

The organ is situated immediately above 
that of philoprogenitiveness, at the lower part 
of the crown of the head, under the posterior 
fontanel. It is large in Scott and small in 
North American Indians. 

VI. C0MBAT1VENESS. 

This faculty inspires with courage, and, 
when very active, with the propensity to at- 
tack. It is by itself a blind impulse, delight- 
ing in opposition for its own sake, and in a 
restless spirit of contention, having no end 
or object. But when under the direction of 



39 AFFECTIVE FACULTIES, 

higher powers, it imparts boldness and force 
to the character. It makes some men arguers 
and always take the opposite side of every 
opinion, 

u And e'en tho' vanquished, they can argue still." 

Some, even after they have converted you 
to their opinions, will take the side you have 
given up as wrong, and, as the poet says, 

" Confute, change sides, and still confute." 

Of such a character, " my father" in Tris- 
tram Shandy is an admirable delineation. 
The following extract is a beautiful illustra- 
tion of this faculty combined with Benevo- 
lence. 

" If/' says Uncle Toby, " when I was a 
school-boy, I could not hear a drum beat but 
my heart beat with it, was it my fault ? Did 
I plant the propensity there ? Did I sound 
the alarm within, or nature ? Did any one 
of you shed more tears for Hector ? And 
when King Priam came to the camp to beg 
his body, and returned weeping back to Troy 
without it, — you know, brother, I could not eat 
my dinner. Did that bespeak me cruel ? Or, 



OR FEELINGS. 83 

because, brother Shandy, my blood flowed 
out into the camp, and my heart panted for 
war, was it a proof that it could not ache for 
the distress of war too?" 

When properly used, this faculty gives 
courage to defend, meet danger and overcome 
difficulties. But if abused, it leads to anger, 
attacks, love of contention and disputation. 
Its organ in a state of inactivity leads to cow- 
ardice, timidity and unreasonable fears. 

The natural language is shown by the 
rigid features; elevated and drawn back 
head ; fighting posture ; angry and bold in- 
tonation of the voice ; and, if the person is 
profane, by oath after oath thrown out in a 
bravado style. 

The organ is located in the posterior lobes 
of the brain, between Destructiveness and 
Philoprogenitiveness, and shows its develope- 
ment upon the posterior inferior angle of the 
parietal bone. It is large in Wurmser and 
Henry Joseph, (the murderer of Captain 
Crosby) ; and small in the timid female and 
Hindoos. 



84 



AFFECTIVE FACULTIES, 



VII. SECRETIVENESS. 

Some people have a great desire to conceal 
all their thoughts, words and actions ; and 
others will whisper into your ear a few words, 
that every one might know, and beg of you 
not to divulge their secrets. Such have the 
faculty under consideration, very strong. 
This faculty does not determine the object 
nor manner of concealing ; and there is no 
end to the ways in which it acts. Shakspeare, 
the great poet of nature, shows it everywhere 
in his writings.* It is indispensable to good 
acting, and is thus alluded to in Hamlet : 

11 Is it not monstrous, that this player here, 

But in a fiction, in a dream of passion, 

Could force his soul so to his own conceit, 

That from her workings all his visage wanned ', 

Tears in his eyes, distraction in 's aspect, 

A broken voice, and his whole function suiting 

With forms to his conceit ? — and all for nothing ! 

For Hecuba ! — 

What 's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba, 

That he should weep for her ?" 

It is possessed by the greatest villains, as 

* King John, Act iii. Scene 3. 

" K. John. I had a thing to say, but let it go," &c. 






OR PEELINGS. 85 

in the case of the Duke of Gloster,* who 
says : 

tt Why, I can smile, and murder while I smile ; 
And cry, content, to that which grieves my heart ; 
And wet my cheeks with artificial tears, 
And frame my face to all occasions." 

It is this faculty which predominates in 
successful politicians. When active and 
combined with much acquisitiveness, it will, 
if abused, probably lead to theft. It was in 
this combination, that it was discovered by 
Gall, who called its organ, that of theft. In 
the same combination, but used properly, it 
prompts naturalists, antiquarians, foe, to 
make large and useful collections* 

Its use is to retain ideas until they have 
passed under the cognizance of the reflective 
faculties ; and it gives expression to the pro- 
ductions of artists, poets, actors, foe. When 
abused and badly combined with other fac- 
ulties, it leads to hypocrisy, lying, intrigue, 
equivocation, cunning, dissimulation and de- 

* Shakspeare has made secretiveness the most 
prominent feature in Richard's character ; it is ex- 
cessively active in combination with Nos. 1, 6, 11, 
and 21. 

8 



86 AFFECTIVE FACULTIES, 

ceit of every description. When deficient it 
betrays what should be kept secret, for the 
good of ourselves and others, and allows us 
to be deceived or duped by the craftiness, 
address, or falsehood of others. 

The natural language of this faculty is a 
shy expression of the eyes, directing them in 
a leering or oblique direction : lightness of 
step ; a carrying of the head low and between 
the shoulders. Scott lends the* following 
beautiful illustration : 

" For evil seemed that ol<J man's eye 

Dark and designing, fierce yet shy, 

Still he avoided forward look, 

But slow aud circumspectly took 

A circling never ceasing glance, 

By doubt and cunning marked at once ; 

Which shot a mischief-boding ray, 

From under eyebiows shagged and gray." 

The organ is situated immediately above 
that of Destructiveness, and its developement 
is shown on the lower part of the parietal 
bone, at the squamous suture. It is large in 
Boutillier, and small in Brazil Indians. 



OR FEELINGS. 87 



VIII. ACQUISITIVENESS. 

This faculty exists both in man and the 
lower animals. It prompts to acquire with- 
out determining the object to be acquired nor 
the manner of getting ; and never loses 
sight of self. Its main spring is usefulness ; 
and it always prompts the questions, in any 
undertaking, " What is the use of it f and 
" What is to be gained l" By making pro- 
vision for the future, it is necessary to man 
and animals. It often leads one to collect 
and hoard up what can never be of use. Its 
use is to produce the desire to possess, and a 
tendency to accumulate articles of utility, 
and to provide against want. Its abuses are, 
selfishness, avarice, usury, fraud, theft, and 
corruptibility and its consequences. When 
defective, one is led to neglect his own 
interest, and be unmindful of his affairs. 
The natural language is shown by a longing, 
dissatisfied expression of the countenance ; 
and in some, by a beggarly appearance. 

The organ is situated in the middle lobe 
of the brain, and is shown developed on the 
anterior angle of the parietal bone, above 



88 AFFECTIVE FACULTIES, 

that of Secretiveness, between those of Ideal- 
ity and Cautiousness, and below the temporal 
ridge which separates it from those of Con- 
scientiousness and Hope. It is large in the 
Calmuc, and small in the Brazil Indians. 

IX. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 

Man, from the rudest times, has always 
shown a propensity to construct, so likewise 
have some of the lower animals, as the 
beaver and musk-rat. Although this faculty 
prompts us to construct, others are required 
to tell us what and how. Many men may be 
able to execute the most difficult works ; but, 
without the faculties of Ideality, Configura- 
tion, Size, Coloring and Weight, they will not 
equal the productions of a Raphael, Titian, 
Da Vinci, or an Angelo. In other respects 
this faculty is blind, and is as necessary to 
the cobbler, as it is to the painter, engraver, 
sculptor, and any other artist. 

Its use is to build whatever may be for our 
accommodation and for the conveniences and 
support of life. Abused, it prompts to coun- 
terfeit, or make articles for the injury of 
others and for dishonest purposes. Its defi 



Oil FEKLINtiS. 89 

ciency is shown by a want of " handiness." 
Where active, its natural language is dis- 
played by examining whatever is taken hold 
of, to see how it is made, and by looks 
expressive of curiosity, when regarding ma- 
chinery. 

The organ is located anteriorly to that of 
Acquisitiveness. Its developement may be 
looked for on the frontal bone, where it is 
articulated with the parietal and sphenoidal 
bones. The situation varies a little, accord- 
ing to the size of the zygomatic arch, and 
the peculiar form of the base of the cranium. 
If the cavity above the arch be not great, 
and if the part of the skull, under which the 
organ is seated, be more prominent than the 
external angular process of the eye, the organ 
may be considered as largely developed. In 
narrow heads it lies a little higher than it 
does in broad ones. 

Over this organ is placed the temporal 
muscle, and on this account we cannot judge 
of its true size without feeling it through the 
flesh. In making the examination, it will be 
well to direct, that the jaw be opened and 
shut firmly, several times that we may judge 



90 AFFECTIVE FACULTIES, 

better of the thickness of the muscle. The 
developement is shown large in the casts of 
the milliner of Vienna, Canova, and Karner 
Vaider ; and small in New Hollanders. 

SECTION II. GENUS II. SENTIMENTS. 

These consist of a specific emotion together 
with a propensity. Some are common to 
man and the lower animals, and are therefore 
called Inferior ; others, called Superior, are 
proper to man. 

1. — Inferior sentiments common to man and the lower 
animals. 

X. CAUTIOUSNESS. 

Many individuals are naturally timid, fear- 
ful, irresolute and cautious ; and we even 
find whole nations who are remarkable for 
their circumspection, carefulness and wari- 
ness. Phrenologists assert that in these, the 
portion of the brain, lying under the pro- 
tuberance of the parietal bone, is much 
more developed, than in those who differ from 
them in these essential points of character. 
Dr Gall said, " that man and animals were 
necessarily endowed with a faculty which 



OR FEELINGS. 01 

should induce them to look forward to coming 
events and avoid danger. Without such a 
disposition, they would have been incapable 
of taking any measure for the future." This 
faculty is therefore fundamental, and acts 
blindly though it may excite the reflective 
faculties. When properly used, it incites us 
to take precautions ; it is an ingredient in 
prudence, and always exclaims " take care," 
" look out," &c. Its abuses are excessive 
timidity, fearfulness, uncertainty, anxiety, 
despondency, irresolution, melancholy and 
hypochondria. When the faculty is defective 
there is a predisposition to levity and fool- 
hardiness. 

The natural language is manifested by an 
inquisitive, piercing eye ; by the frequent 
and gentle turning of the head ; and by slow- 
ness and softness of step. 

The organ of this sentiment is situated in 
the brain above those of Combativeness, 
Secretiveness and Destructiveness, immedi- 
ately under the parietal protuberance. There- 
fore, on the head and skull we look for its 
developement at the protuberance which is 
generally so distinct on the sides of the head. 
The organ may be observed large in the casts 



92 AFFECTIVE FACULTIES, 

of the timid female, I)r Hett, mummies and 
Hindoos; and small in that of General Wurm- 
ser. It is very much larger in females than 
in males. 

XI. LOVE OF APPROBATION. 

This sentiment, the existence of which no 
one can doubt, makes us attentive to the 
opinion which others entertain of us. It 
produces emulation among children, love of 
glory, fame and distinction, vanity and the 
love of praise. It is that which incites a 
person to politeness and agreeableness, and 
which gives to society its polish and refine- 
ments. It is found more active in women, 
who are often insane from it, than in men. 
Used properly, it is the origin of a desire of 
the esteem of others, which is the chief in- 
ducement to politeness and civility, and 
which likewise renders its subjects obliging 
to others. Its abuse tends to vain glory, 
ambition, vanity, excessive love of dress, 
titles and petty distinctions. A deficiency of 
it results in indifference to the opinions of 
others, and a culpable neglect of dress and 
civility. The' natural language is shown by 
French crestures. 



OR FEELINGS. 93 

The organ of this sentiment is situated in 
the upper part of the posterior portion of the 
brain. On the head and skull we can see its 
developement by looking at that part just 
above the organs of Adhesiveness and Inhab- 
itiveness, and between those of Cautiousness 
and Self-esteem. 

Large in Dr Hett, the milliner of Vienna, 
and North American Indians, Francois Cor- 
donnier and Voltaire ; and small in D. 
Haggart. 

XII. SELF ESTEEM. 

This faculty inspires with the sentiment of 
self-love and self-esteem, and like all other 
faculties was destined to produce good effects. 
One possessing a due endowment of it, will 
have that degree of self-satisfaction which 
will lead the mind to an enjoyment of life, 
and also a confidence, which is very useful 
in every situation. This sentiment gives 
a dignity and nobleness of mind to its pos- 
sessor. 

" He sits 'mongst men, like a descended god : 

He hath a kind of honor sets him off, 

More than a mortal seeming." — Shakspeare. 



91 AFFECTIVE FACULTIES, 

11 Inferior talents," says Combe, " combin- 
ed with a strong endowment of Self-Esteem, 
are often crowned with far higher success, 
than more splendid abilities joined with this 
sentiment in. a feeble degree." It often 
produces abuses when possessed in an inor- 
dinate degree, such as pettishness in children 
and arrogance in older persons. Spurzheim's 
observations led him to believe that it was 
possessed by animals, for instance, such as 
the turkey-cock, peacock and horse. The. 
proper use of this faculty is to produce se'f- 
respect, personal interest, and love of indepen- 
dence. Its abuses are pride, disdain, self- 
conceit, love of power, excessive selfishness, 
haughtiness, arrogance and insolence. When 
feebly possessed it results in humility. 
Its natural language is shown by a proud 
demeanor and stern aspect. The man with 
much of this faculty 

" Lifts his proud head to the sky, 

And seeks the broad blaze of the day." 

The organ is developed on the median 
line of the head immediately above that of 
Inhabitiveness, at the part where the hair 



OR FEELINGS. 95 

turns, called the crown. It is largely devel- 
oped in Martin, and is small in Dr Hett of 
Vienna. 



2. — Superior sentiment common to man and the lower 
animals. 

The superior sentiments elevate mankind 
from the mere brute creation, and establish 
what is called a moral character. One of 
these alone pertains to brutes in common 
with man. 

XIII. — BENEVOLENCE. 

This sentiment predisposes to disinterested 
kindness towards our fellow beings, desiring 
their happiness. It gives mildness, cheerful- 
ness and charity in its widest sense to its 
possessor. Cartwright has thus described a 
person under its influence : 

" His heart no selfish cares confined, 

He felt for all that feel distress : 
And still benevolent and kind, 

He blessed them, or he wished to bless." 

This is the only superior sentiment which 
exists among animals. To them, as in the roe 



96 AFFECTIVE FACULTIES, 

and sheep, in some dogs, horses and monkeys, 
it gives a natural meekness and good-natured- 
ness. Among men it restrains the propen- 
sities and directs them into their proper sphere 
of action. It is often associated in activity 
with other faculties ; as for instance, with 
Destructiveness, as in the following often 
admired stanzas : 

11 Inhuman man ! curse on thy barb'rous art, 
And blasted be thy murder-aiming eye ; 
May never pity soothe thee with a sigh, 

Nor ever pleasure glad thy cruel heart ! 

Go live, poor wanderer of the wood and field, 

The bitter little that of life remains : 

No more the thickening brakes and verdant plains 
To thee shall home, or food, or pastime yield. 

Seek, mangled wretch, some place of wonted rest, 
No more thy rest, but now thy dying bed ! 
The sheltering rushes whistling o'er thy head, 

The cold earth with thy bloody bosom prest. 

Oft as by winding Nith, I, musing, wait 
The sober eve, or hail the cheerful dawn, 
I'll miss thee sporting o'er the dewy lawn, 

And curse the ruffian's aim, and mourn thy hopeless 
fate." Burns. 

The use of this faculty is to give rise to 



OR FEELINGS. 97 

disinterested benevolence, mildness of dispo- 
sition and sympathy for the unfortunate. Its 
abuse leads to prodigality, profusion and in- 
dulgence to the unworthy. When deficient, 
selfishness and disregard of the feelings of 
others, is the result. The natural language 
is a pleasing, tranquil expression, and a 
soothing and compassionate tone of the voice, 

" As gentle 
As zephyrs, blowing below the violet. ,r 

The developement of the organ is noticed 
on the upper and middle part of the frontal 
bone, between the forehead and fontanel. It 
gives height to that portion of the forehead 
which is covered by the hair. It is large in 
Dr Hett, and small in Caribs and Martin. 

3. — Superior sentiments j)f op er to man. 

These faculties are situated together in 
the sincipital region, and form the distinguish- 
ing features between man and the lower 
animals. On these depend man's moral and 
religious character. They produce emotions 
or feelings. 

9 



»S AFFECTITE FACULTIES, 



XIV. REVERENCE. 

This is the origin of respectfulness, reverence 
and veneration. The faculty does not select 
its object nor manner of revering, but is blind 
in itself. It enters equally into the mental 
character of the Christian, Jew, Mahomme- 
dan and Pagan, and is thus beautifully recog- 
nised existing naturally in the Indian : 

" Lo ! the poor Indian whose untutored mind 
-Sees God in clouds, or hears him in the wind." 

This feeling gives rise to emotions of re- 
spect towards those who are superior in rank, 
talents, property and power, and is essential 
to lovers of relics, and antiquaries. Its 
combined action with Conscientiousness pro- 
duces the happiest results : 

41 'Tis this, my friend, that streaks our morning 

bright ; 
T Tis this, that gilds the horror of our night. 
When wealth forsakes us, and when friends are few. 
When friends are faithless, or when foes pursue ; 
Tis this that wards the blow, or stills the smart, 
Disarms affliction, or repels the dart, 
Within the breast bids purest raptures rise, 
Bids smiling conscience spread her cloudless skies." 



Oil FEELINGS. W 

When properly used it gives a tendency to- 
respect what is venerable, to worship, adore 
and respect whatever is great, good, or 
ancient, and to true religion and filial piety. 
When abused, its results are idolatry, bigotry, 
senseless respect for objects unworthily con*- 
secrated by time or religious association, love 
of primitive customs, abject subserviency to- 
persons of wealth or in high stations. A 
deficiency is accompanied with irreverence, 
too great desire for innovations, and relig- 
ious scepticism. The natural language is 
manifested by a downcast eye and supplicat- 
ing voice, and by general humility. 

The organ of this faculty is situated under 
that portion of the skull that is soft in young 1 
children, a little anterior to the middle of the 
upper part of the head. It is large in the 
Devotee, and small in Dr Hett. 

XV. FIRMNESS. 

From the activity of the organ of this 
faculty results determination, fixedness of 
purpose and perseverance. Moral courage, in 
contradistinction to physical courage, is 
the prompting of this faculty. When overr 



100 AFFECTIVE FACULTIES, 

active it produces stubbornness and obstinacy 
The aim of this faculty is firmness and stead- 
iness of purpose. Its abuse leads to obsti- 
nacy, infatuation and tenacity in evil. The 
inactivity of its organ predisposes to incon- 
stancy, fickleness, and changeableness. Its 
natural language is shown by a fixed, forcible 
and emphatic manner of the gait, a corres- 
ponding tone of voice, and a firm closing of 
the jaws. 

The organ of this faculty is developed in 
the middle of the upper and posterior part of 
the sincipital region of the head. If a line 
be drawn from the mastoid process behind 
the ear through Cautiousness to the vertex of 
the head, it will strike this organ. It is large 
in Martin, and small in Gibson. 

XVI. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. 

Without determining what is or is not just, 
Conscientiousness produces the love of truth, 
duty, justice and moral rectitude. Although 
it desires to be just, yet as its combination 
with the affective and intellectual faculties is, 
so is its determination of what is just. For 
instance, if it exists in an individual with 



OR FEELINGS. 101 

very powerful lower propensities, he will call 
that just, which another, possessing it with w 
large endowment of Benevolence and the re- 
flective faculties, would call unjust. One 
with the latter combination* is always just for 
the love of justice ; 

" His words are bonds, his oaths are oracles ; 
His love sincere, his thoughts immaculate; 
His tears, pure messengers sent from his heart ; 
His heart, as far from guile, as heaven from earth." 

Shakspeare. 

Remorse and repentance are sometimes its 
results, and clearly show that it may be pos- 
sessed by the most atrocious villain. Its 
uses may be thus summed up ; justice, con- 
scientiousness, duty, respect for the rights of 
others, openness to conviction and love of 
truth. Its abuses are, remorse for innocent 
actions, adherence to noxious principles when 
ignorantly embraced, and excessive refine- 
ment in the views of duty and obligation. 
Its deficiency predisposes to forgetful ness of 
duty. 

The organ of this sentiment lies between 
those of Cautiousness and Firmness, and 
immediately in front of that of Approbative- 



102 AFFECTIVE FACULTIES, 

ness. It is large in Dr Hett, and small in 
the widow Lecouffe. 

XVII. — HOPE. 

On this sentiment depends the belief of 
being able to acquire what other faculties 
desire. With Ideality it builds castles in the 
air ; with Acquisitiveness, it prompts specu- 
lation, whether by gambling or trading. When 
associated with Reverence it prompts to a 
belief in a future existence : 

tl Lo! the poor Indian whose untutored mind 
Sees God in clouds, or hears him in the wind : 
His soul proud science never taught to stray 
Far as the solar walk or milky way ; 
Yet simple nature to his hope has given, 
Behind some cloud-topt hill, an humbler heaven ; 
Some safer world, in depth of woods embraced ; 
Some happier island in the watery waste ; 
Where slaves once more their native land behold, 
No fiends torment, no Christians thirst for gold." 

Pope. 

When too active, it leads to credulity. Its 
use is to look forward with confidence and 
faith. Its abuses are absurd expectations, 
and love of scheming. When deficient, there 
is a predisposition to despair, despondency 
and distrust. 



OR FEELINGS. 10H 

The organ lies on each side and a little 
anterior of that of Firmness, and directly 
before that of Conscientiousness on both 
sides of the head. It is large in Gen. Wurm^ 
ser,. and small in Dr Hett. 

XVIII. MARVELLOUSNESS. 

It is this faculty which induces man to 
admire and believe in supernatural agents 
and events. In religion it aids by giving a 
disposition to credit miracles. All religious 
systems have a mystic origin. Pope speaking 
of this feeling thus personifies it : 

*' She midst the lightning's blaze, and thunder's sound,. 
When rocked the mountains, and when groaned ih& 

ground, 
She taught the meek to bend, the proud to pray, 
To power unseen, and mightier far than they : 
She from the rending earth and bursting skies, 
Saw Gods descend, and fiends infernal rise : 
Here fixed the dreadful, there the blest abodes." 

Dealing in fiction and romance, it gives to 
the productions of some authors a wonderful 
interest, '»$ for instance the Waverley Novels, 
iiobinsora Crusoe, and Arabian Nights |En- 
tertainments. Its use is to aid in the belief 
of religion, and desire of novelty. Its abuse 



104 AFFECTIVE FACULTIES, 

gives origin to the belief in inspirations, phan* 
toms, presentiments, dreams, ghosts, demons, 
astrology, fortune-telling, magic and sorcery. 
When deficient, incredulity in oral traditions 
occurs, and the possessor is an " every day" 
being. 

The organ is situated in front of those of 
Hope, on each side of that of Reverence, 
and above those of Ideality. It is large in 
Tasso, and Sir W. Scott, and small in Boutil- 
lier. 

XIX. IDEALITY. 

It is this primitive faculty that makes en- 
thusiasts, gives warmth to the language, and 
fires with rapture and exultation. 

" Bright-eyed fancy hovering o'er, 

Scatters from her pictured urn, 

Thoughts that breathe, and words that burn." 

This sentiment will not allow us to look at 
things as they are ; but paints with enthusi- 
asm everything in its most glowing colors. 
Of the idealist, says Rogers, 

" Do what he will, he cannot realize 
Half he conceives — the glorious vision flies. 
Go where he may, he cannot hope to find 
The truth, the beaufy, pictured in his mind.'' 



OR FEELINGS. 105 

It is this that makes us aspire after perfec- 
tion, and constantly endeavor for the sub- 
lime. It is a necessary ingredient in the 
make of a poet, and gives excellence to his 
productions, by exaggerating and converting 
truth to imaginary existence, as is thus 
written in its very fervor : 

"Now* fancy sees th' ideal canvass stretch'dy 
And o'er the lines that Truth has dimly sketch'd y 
Dashes with hurried hand the shapes that fly 
Hurtled along before the frenzied eye. 
The scudding cloud that drives along the coast, 
Becomes the drapery of a warrior's ghost, 
Who sails serenely in his gloomy pall, 
O'er Morven's woods and Tura's mouldering wall,* 
To join the feast of shells in Odin's misty hall/' 

Airs of Palestine. 

The maniao possesses it with as much vigor 
as the sanest person. The intellectual facul- 
ties perceive things as nature formed them, but 
Ideality desires something more exquisitely 
lovely and sublime, and will not rest satisfied 
with the scenes of reality. Every object 
which it conceives is elevated and endowed 
with splendid excellence. Nature cannot 
make such an object as it forms. This sen- 



106 AFFECTIVE FACULTIES, 

Omental faculty makes its possessor rather an 
inhabitant of the enchanted regions than one 
fit to dwell in the abodes of man. The suc- 
cessful poet, painter, sculptor, inventor, and 
in fine, all who would cultivate the fine arts 
or excel in them, must possess it. 

The use of this faculty is to aim at perfec- 
tion, and give origin to the poetic feeling ; its 
abuse leads to eccentricity, extravagance and 
absurd enthusiasm. A deficiency of it leaves 
the mind without a desire of excellence, and 
love of the splendid and beautiful. Its natu- 
ral language is beautifully illustrated by Pier- 
pont in his " Airs of Palestine " : 

" Seest thou that shepherd boy, of features fair, 
Of eye serene, and brightly flowing hair, 
That leans, in thoughtful posture, on his crook, 
And statue-like pores o'er the pebbly brook ? 
Yes : and why stands he there, in stupor cold ? 
Why not pursue those wanderers from his fold ? 
Or mid the playful children of his flocks, 
Toss his light limbs, and shake his amber locks, 
Rather than idly gaze upon the stream ? 
That boy is lost in a poetic dream : 
And while his eye follows the wave along, 
His soul expatiates in the realm of song." 



OR FEEL7NGSV 107 

The organ is seen developed at the upper 
and lateral part of the forehead on the fron- 
tal bone below the temporal ridge. This sit- 
uation is often metaphorically called the (i po- 
ets' corner." It is large in Von Weber f 
Voltaire and Francois Cordonnier, and small* 
in Boutillier. 

XX. MIRTHFULNtfSS. 

In the same manner as the preceeding facul- 
ty disposes to exalt, mirthiulness gives a dis- 
position to view things in a humorous light, 

Associated with the higher powers this sen- 
timent predisposes to wit ; with Constructive- 
ness,Form, and Imitation, it produces carica- 
tures ; with Combativeness, Bestructiveness,. 
and Secretiveness, it gives poignancy to sat- 
ire. From its combination with Comparison- 
result puns. 

Its use is to produce glee, mirth and laugh- 
ter. Its abuse leads to levity, satire, and un- 
timely wit and mirth. When deficient the 
mind has a serious cast. A laughing counte- 
nance is its natural language. 

The organ is situated at the upper and lat- 
eral part of the forehead, immediately before 
that of Ideality. It is large in Voltaire and 
Sterne, and smalt in New Hollanders. 



103 INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 



XXI. IMITATION, 

This faculty gives the tendency of imitating 
in general, and is therefore indispensably 
necessary to painters, sculptors, engravers, 
buffoons, mimics and actors, and to artists 
of every description. It is equally active in 
poets, novelists, and musicians. 

Its use is, improvement by imitating the 
manners and good actions of others, and by 
giving expression in the arts. When abused 
it leads to mimicry, buffoonery and aping. If 
deficient there is a want of expression, and 
often of improvement. 

The organ is situated on each side of the or- 
gan of Benevolence, and gives, when large,, 
a rounded or flat appearance to the top of the 
front part of the head. It is large in Cano- 
va, and Garrick, and small in the New Hol- 
landers. 



CHAPTER XL 

ORDER II. INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 

The intellectual faculties make man and 
animals acquainted with their own internal 



INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 109 

sensations, and the existence of the physical 
qualities and relations of external objects. 
They are divided into three genera: 1, the 
External Senses, by which beings are enabled 
to communicate with each other and the ex- 
ternal world ; 2, the Perceptive Faculties, divi- 
ded into two sub-genera, the first of which per- 
ceives the existence and physical qualities of 
objects, and the second, their relations ; 3, the 
Reflective Faculties, which produce ideas of 
reflection, and reflect on the operations of all 
the other faculties. 

SECTION I. GENUS I. EXTERNAL SENSES. 

It is through the medium of these, that men 
and animals are allowed to communicate with 
other beings, and that a determinate con- 
sciousness of the external world is attained. 

As is also the case with all the faculties, 
the External senses receive a single impres- 
sion with a single consciousness, although they 
each possess two organs. Their functions are 
necessarily divided into mediate and immedi- 
ate ; the first of which cannot be explained 
by their instrumentality alone, and the latter 
are so immediately connected with those of 
10 



110 INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES, 

the internal faculties, that it is very difficult to 
point them out. 

All these senses are not possessed by every 
species of animal, different senses being want- 
ing to different animals, nor do all animals pos- 
sess them to a like degree. 

VOLUNTARY MOTION. 

It is satisfactorily ascertained that voluntary 
motion and sensation are produced by differ- 
ent nervous fibres, however intimately these 
instruments may be in connexion. This has 
been demonstrated beyond a doubt by the ex- 
periments of Sir Charles Bell, in which he 
showed that the spinal cord consists of two 
pairs of medullary columns, intimately bound 
together, but possessing different functions ; 
with the anterior of these are connected the 
nerves of motion and with the posterior those 
of sensation. The upper portion of the spi- 
nal cord has another pair of columns, situated 
between the other pairs, with which are con- 
nected the nerves of respiration. 

FEELING OR TOUCH. 

The immediate functions of this sense are 



INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. Ill 

the sensations of pain and pleasure, of the 
variations of heat, coldness, dryness, and 
moisture. Its other functions are mediate, 
the impression which it receives being per- 
ceived by the internal faculties. Existing over 
the whole external surface of the body, and 
throughout the intestinal canal, it is the most 
extensive of the external senses. 

TASTE. 

The immediate object of this sense is to 
produce only the sensation of taste, by the 
perception of savors. This it does by the 
gustatory, nerves which are distributed to the 
membranes lining the palate, pharynx, and 
tongue. Nutrition is assisted by it me- 
diately. 

SMELL. 

Feeling and taste require the immediate 
presence of their objects, without distance. 
The sense of smell can act immediately from 
a distance upon things, by means of detached 
odorous particles. This sense communicates 
with objects through the olfactory nerves. 
The immediate function of this sense is for 



LIS INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 

the sensation of smell by means of odorous 
particles emanating from external bodies, and 
has no reference whatever to the object 
from which the odor is derived. All its other 
functions are mediate. 

HEARING. 

Hearing also makes beings acquainted 
with remote objects, and unlike the preceding 
admits a medium, the air. 

The acoustic or auditory nerves receiving 
the vibrations of the air transmit them to form 
the sensation of sound. The immediate func- 
tions of this sense are confined to the sensa- 
tion of sound. Its remaining functions are 
mediate. 

SIGHT. 

Sight likewise brings men and animals in 
communication with distant objects by a me- 
dium, light. Its only immediate function is 
the sensation of light, the other functions 
being mediate. The media are light, the eyes 
and optic nerves. 



INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 113 



SECTION II. GENUS II.— PERCEPTIVE FACUL- 
TIES. 

The perceptive faculties procure know- 
ledge of external objects by perceiving their 
existence and physical qualities, and their 
relations. 

1. Intellectual faculties, which perceive the existence 
of external objects and their physical qualities. 

XXII. INDIVIDUALITY. 

Individuality makes us acquainted with ob- 
jects as mere existences, without any regard 
to the use to which they may be put. It 
prompts to observation and thence to a pre- 
ference of those sciences which consist in the 
study and knowledge of specific objects, and 
is therefore indispensably necessary to natur- 
alists. Possessed by authors it leads to per- 
sonification ; and, when aided by Comparison, 
produces metaphors. It is this faculty which 
acquires that kind of knowledge which cor- 
responds to the substantives of artificial lan- 
guage. 

The organ of individuality is situated be- 
hind the root of the nose, and is developed 
at the lower part of the forehead between the 
10* 



114 INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 

eyebrows. It is large in Spurzheim, J. Home 
Tooke and Scott, and small in Haydon. 

XXIII. CONFIGURATION. 

This faculty acquires a knowledge of the 
form or configuration of objects, and is there- 
fore largely possessed by all distinguished 
artists. 

The organ is situated between the eyes, 
and its developement is made obvious by the 
breadth of this part of the forehead. When 
very large it pushes the balls of the eyes out- 
wards and towards the external angles of 
their orbits. It is large in Canova and Kar- 
ner Vaider, and small in Ann Ormerod. 

XXIV. — SIZE. 

All the dimensions of size are perceived 
by the use of this faculty. 

The organ of size is shown developed at 
the inner angle of the eye immediately above 
that of Configuration and on both sides of 
that of Individuality. It is large in Canova, 
and small in Ann Ormerod. 

xxv. — WEIGHT. 
There is a special faculty which takes cog- 



INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 115 

nizance of weight and resistance. Its organ 
is shown over both eyebrows next to and 
outwards of that of Size. It is large in Sir 
Isaac Newton, and small in Ormerod. 

XXVI. COLORING. 

This faculty perceives colors, and judges 
of their relations and harmonious or discor- 
dant arrangements, and is therefore necessary 
to successful painters. 

The organ is observed developed above the 
middle of the eyebrow. When it is large 
that portion of the forehead is very prominent 
or much arched, and the middle of the upper 
.eyelid has a peculiar fullness. It is large in 
Haydon and small in James Milne. 

2. Intellectual faculties which perceive the relations of 
external objects. 

XXVII. LOCALITY. 

It is by means of this faculty that man 
perceives and remembers the situation and 
location of objects ; therefore it forms one of 
the chief elements of the talent some possess 
for geography, astronomy, topography, geom- 
etry, &c. Authors who have a large endow- 



116 INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 

ment are remarkable for their descriptions of 
scenery. It is generally a powerful faculty 
of travellers. The organ of locality is sit- 
uated above that of Size. Observations on this 
organ are sometimes rendered difficult on 
account of the occurrence of the frontal 
sinuses. If, however, there be a very large 
developement of the skull in that place, there 
will be a large developement of the organ, 
and vice versa. It is large in Newton and 
Mungo Park, and generally small in females. 

XXVTII. ORDER. 

This faculty gives method, arrangement 
and order in general. Philosophical arrange- 
ment does not depend upon it, but upon the 
reflective faculties. 

The organ is developed at the external 
angle of the eye, between those of Coloring 
and Calculation. It is large in Haydn and 
small in Ormerod. 

XXIX. CALCULATION. 

Calculation gives the conception of num- 
ber and its relations, and embraces whatever 
concerns number, unity and plurality. Hence 



INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 117 

it is an element in the talent for arithmetic 
and algebra. The organ is developed at the 
external angle of the eye, behind that of 
Order. It is large in Newton and Zerah Col- 
burn; and small in N. Hollanders. 

XXX. EVENTUALITY. 

By the use of this faculty man acquires a 
knowledge of events or occurrences. It is 
very useful to historians, as most of their 
knowledge depends upon it. This faculty 
above all others desires to know by experience, 
therefore it excites the organs of all the other 
faculties to action. Children who possess it 
energetically are always the most forward. 

The organ is situated above that of Indi- 
viduality, and is large in J. Home Tooke, 
and small in N. Hollanders. 

xxxi. — TIME. 

It is by means of this faculty that the 
mind perceives the succession, or simultane- 
ous occurrence and duration of events. 
Without it the science of music would exist 
very imperfectly, no two persons being able 
to play or sing in concert. In the science of 



IIS INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 

music it measures the duration of tones ; in 
the study of history it belongs to chronology 
in reference to duration and succession of 
events. 

The organ of this faculty is shown develop- 
ed immediately above the organs of Weight 
and Coloring, and between those of Eventual- 
ity and Tune. It is large in Von Weber, and 
Newkomm, and small in Ann Ormerod. 

XXXII — TUNE. 

In the same manner that Coloring is rela- 
ted to the eye the faculty of Tune or mel- 
ody is to the ear. The ear cannot recollect 
tones, but is only a medium to convey them 
to the mind, which, by means of the faculty 
of tune takes cognizance of them, being 
pleasantly or unpleasantly affected by them 
as they may be harmonious or discordant. 

The organ of Tune is developed over the 
organs of Order and Calculation, at the tem- 
poral ridge of the frontal bone. It has vari- 
ous appearances according to the form of the 
convolutions of the brain in which it is situ- 
ated, for instance, it has a pyramidal form in 
Haydn and Von Weber, while in Handel it 



INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 119 

shows itself by a rounded and prominent 
appearance of the forehead. In Ormerod it 
it is very deficient. 

XXXIII. LANGUAGE. 

It was this faculty that first drew the atten- 
tion of Gall to the study of Phrenology. Its 
object is to acquire artificial languages, and 
has the same relation to artificial signs that 
Tune has to tones, and Coloring to colors. 

The organ is situated in the anterior lobe 
of the brain upon the orbitar plate of the 
frontal bone. Its developement is shown ex- 
ternally by a fulness of the under eyelid pro- 
duced by the pressure of the organ upon the 
orbitar plate. It is large in Voltaire and J. 
Home Tooke, and small in Frazer. 

SECTION III. GENIUS III. REFLECTIVE FAC- 
ULTIES. 

The reflective faculties form what is usual- 
ly called reason. They take cognizance of 
the doings of the other faculties and assist to 
guide them in their operations. 

XXXIV. COMPARISON. 

This faculty gives a power of perceiving 
analogies, similitudes, resemblances and^lif- 



120 INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 

ferences. It is not confined to a comparison 
of its own peculiar notions like the percep- 
tive faculties, but may compare and point out 
the resemblances and differences of the func- 
tions of all the mental powers. For instance, 
it can compare a tone with a form or color, 
and demonology proves that even some minds 
can see resemblances between forms and 
shadows, and things exceedingly dissimilar. 

The organ of comparison is developed 
at the upper and middle part of the forehead 
between the organs of Eventuality and Be- 
nevolence. It is large in Pitt, Curran, and 
Hindoos, and small in Caribs and Idiots. 

XXXV. CAUSALITY. 

Causality gives an idea of the connection 
between causes and effects, and leads us to 
the belief that every event has a cause. It 
leads us to believe in a first cause and conse- 
quently in a Supreme power or being. 

Its organ is situated on each side of that 
of Comparison and is large in Bacon, Frank- 
in and Kant, and small in Caribs, New 
Hollanders and Idiots. 



121 



CHAPTER XIL 

COMBINATIONS IN SIZE AND ACTIVITY OF THE 
ORGANS OF THE FACULTIES. 

All the faculties are good in themselves ; 
it is only the excess of activity, and bad com- 
binations which produce abuses, and not the 
smallness of the organs. Every individual, 
excepting idiots, possesses all the organs, but 
these are differently combined in activity and 
relative size, forming every shade of character, 
from the most virtuous to the most vicious. 
There are three rules for estimating the ef- 
fects of these differences in relative size and 
activity ; — viz. First, every faculty desires 
gratification with a degree of energy propor- 
tionate to the size and activity of its organ ; 
therefore, those faculties whose organs are 
largest in an individual will be habitually in- 
dulged. Second, as the mind is composed of 
animal, moral, and intellectual faculties, it 
may happen that several large animal organs 
may be combined with some highly developed 
moral or intellectual organs ; in such a case, 
11 



122 



COMBINATIONS 



the lower powers will be directed by the 
higher, and a course of conduct will be 
chosen that will gratify the whole. Third ', 
when all the organs are equally developed the 
character of the individual will be made up 
of a series of actions contradictory and 
seemingly inexplicable, he being a creature 
of circumstances and easily influenced by 
any kind of companions. 

The following are the combinations which 
occur in several marked characters. 

Amiableness. Benevolence, reverence, 
conscientiousness, approbativeness and adhe- 
siveness, increased by individuality, eventu- 
ality, tune, imitation, amativeness, and by the 
deficiency of combativeness, destructiveness 
and self-esteem. 

Audaciousness. Combativeness, destruc- 
tiveness, self-esteem, firmness, hope and ideal- 
ity, increased by deficient cautiousness, con- 
scientiousness, reverence and benevolence. 

Austereness. Firmness, conscientious- 
ness, self-esteem, cautiousness, comparison, 
causality, destructiveness, combativeness, 
ideality, with defective imitation, mirthful- 
ness and benevolence. 



IN SIZE AND ACTIVITY. 123 

Avariciousness. Acquisitiveness, cau- 
tiousness, order, secretiveness, and moderate 
benevolence and conscientiousness. 

Brutality. Combativeness, destructive- 
ness, self-esteem, firmness, acquisitiveness, 
with deficient benevolence, reverence, consci- 
entiousness, approbativeness and adhesive- 
ness. 

Capriciousness. Self-esteem, firmness, 
approbativeness, ideality, with defective con- 
scientiousness, benevolence, cautiousness and 
reflection, increased by acquisitiveness and 
combativeness. 

Comicalness. Mirthfulness and imitation, 
increased by tune, hope, eventuality and 
small cautiousness and comparison combined 
with inferior or superior feelings. 

Credulousness. Marvellousness, hope, 
reverence, conscientiousness, eventuality, 
with moderate cautiousness, approbativeness 
and reflection, increased by self-esteem and 
acquisitiveness. 

Diffidence. Secretiveness and cautious- 
ness, with less combativeness, self-esteem, and 
firmness, increased by the reflective faculties. 

Discreetness. Cautiousness, conscien- 



124 COMB INATIONS OP THE FACULTIES. 

tiousness, benevolence, reverence and order, 
with little self-esteem and combativeness. 

Disputatiousness. Firmness, self-esteem, 
combativeness, approbativeness, increased by 
acquisitiveness, secretiveness and less cau- 
tiousness and reverence. 

Duplicity. Secretiveness, acquisitiveness, 
with deficient conscientiousness, reverence, 
self-esteem and firmness. 

Flattery. Approbativeness, secretive- 
ness, acquisitiveness, increased by less con- 
scientiousness, self-esteem, cautiousness, firm- 
ness and causality. 

Impertinence. Combativeness, destruc- 
tiveness, self-esteem, firmness, acquisitive- 
ness, with deficient cautiousness, approbative- 
ness, conscientiousness and reverence. 

Industriousness. Acquisitiveness, secre- 
tiveness, approbativeness, firmness, cautious- 
ness and order, and the perceptive faculties 
in general, with a general activity of all 
the powers. 

Melancholy. Cautiousness, firmness, self- 
esteem, secretiveness, conscientiousness and 
the reflective faculties, with deficient hope, 
combativeness, mirthfulness and imitation. 






PHRENOLOGICAL EXPRESSIONS. 125 

Modesty. Cautiousness, approbativeness, 
reflection, benevolence, reverence, conscien- 
tiousness, without much self-esteem and corh- 
bativeness, 

Superstitiousness. Marvellousness, rev- 
rence, hope, ideality, with not so much re- 
flection. 

Tyranny. Self-esteem, firmness, appro- 
bativeness, destructiveness, secretiveness, ac- 
quisitiveness, with little conscientiousness, 
reverence and benevolence. 

Vindictiveness. Combativeness, destruc- 
tiveness, self-esteem, firmness, acquisitiveness 
and approbativeness, hightened by a deficien- 
cy of benevolence, conscientiousness and rev- 
erence. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

PHRENOLOGICAL EXPRESSIONS. 

As very little attention has been given to 
the expressions used in Phrenology, and as 
many of those used to designate the different 
modes of activity of the faculties have been 



126 PHRENOLOGICAL EXPRESSIONS. 

wrongly applied as belonging to special facul- 
ties, an explanation of a few of them, accord- 
ing to the fundamental faculties, in the form of 
a vocabulary, has been deemed a proper con- 
clusion to this work. 

Admiration. — An affection of Marvellousness ; an emo- 
tion excited by something novel, rare, great or excellent. 

Adoration. — The effect of Veneration; external hom- 
age, accompanied with the highest reverence. 

Affectation. — A result from Approbativeness, and 
small Reflection, increased by Secretiveness and Ideali- 
ty ; an attempt to assume or exhibit what is not natural 
or real. 

Affection. — Modes of being affected of the faculties; a 
state of the mind between disposition and passion. 

Ambition. — An effect of active Approbativeness; a de- 
sire of preferment or honor. 

Apathy. — Inactivity of the faculties ; an utter privation 
of passion. 

Association. — Union or connection; an effect of the 
mutual influence of the fundamental faculties. One 
faculty being active, excites another, or several, and 
the phenomenon is association; this occurs among the 
intellectual faculties, and also among all the fundamental 
faculties. 

Attention. — The due application of the mind to objects 
presented to its contemplation. The effect of the in- 
tellectual faculties acting either from their proper force, 
or from being excited by external impressions, or by one 
or more of the faculties. 

Attrition. — Grief for sin, arising from fear of punish- 



PHRENOLOGICAL EXPRESSIONS. 127 

ment; a disagreeable affection of Concientiousness, origi- 
nating in the faculties of Veneration, Benevolence, and 
Cautiousness. 

Belief. — An assent of the mind to the truth of a decla- 
ration, proposition or alledged fact, on the ground of 
evidence, distinct from personal knowledge ; the faculty 
Hope, disposes to belief in general. 

Benevolence. — The love of mankind with a desire to 
promote happiness ; a fundamental faculty. 

Charming. — Pleasing in the highest degree; the greatest 
degree of satisfaction of every faculty. 

Compassion. — A sensation of sorrow, excited by the dis- 
tress or misfortunes of another ; an unpleasant effect of 
Benevolence. 

Conception, or Imagination. — A mental act or com- 
bination of acts by which an idea or notion is formed of 
an absent object of perception, or a sensation formerly 
felt; a quantitive mode of activity of the fundamental 
faculties, capable of combining previous perceptions, and 
of producing new compositions. 

Conscience. — That which decides within ourselves on 
the lawfulness or unlawfulness of our own actions and 
affections, and instantly approves or condemns them: 
a mode of action of the faculty of Conscientiousness. 

Contempt. — A strong expression of hatred of what is 
mean or deemed vile; the faculty of Self-esteem disa- 
greeably affected by various causes. 

Contentment. — Satisfaction without further desire; a 
degree of satisfaction of all the faculties. 

Contrition. — Genuine penitence, with a deep sense of 
ingratitude in the sinner and sincere resolution to reform ; 
an unpleasant affection of conscientiousness arising from 
the activity of Benevolence, Reverence, and Marrel- 
lousness. 



128 PHRENOLOGICAL EXPRESSIONS. 

Courage. — An affection of Combativeness. 

Cruelty — A barbarous disposition which is gratified in 
giving unnecessary pain or distress to others; it arises 
from Destructiveness, with defective Benevolence and 
Conscientiousness. 

Cupidity. — Inordinate desire of possessing ; a very high 
degree of action of Acquisitiveness. 

Desire. — A wish to enjoy ; a degree of action of all 
the faculties. 

Despair. — A destitution of hope or expectation; an un- 
pleasant affection of Cautiousness without Hope. 

Diffidence. — Want of self-confidence; an affection of 
Cautiousness combined with Secretiveness, Intellect and 
deficient Hope. 

Doubt. — A fluctuation of mind arising from defect of 
knowledge or evidence; this arises from an action of 
Cantiousness with the Intellect. 

Duty. — That which a man is bound, by any natural, 
moral or legal obligation to do ; an action of Conscien- 
tiousness. 

Ecstacy. — Excessive joy ; an affection produced by the 
action of Marvellousness, Ideality, Mirthfulness and 
Hope. 

Envy. — Uneasiness, mortification or discontent, at the 
sight of superior excellence, reputation or happiness, en- 
joyed by another ; an effect of Self-esteem, Secretiveness, 
Destructiveness, with defective Benevolence. 

Faith. — -Religious belief; an effect of Reverence, Hope 
and Marvellousness. 

Fright. — Sudden and violent fear; a strong affection of 
Cautiousness with inactive Combativeness. 

Fury. — Violent anger; the highest degree of action of 
Combativeness and Destructiveness. 



